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FOS could be used for AOC determination

FOS could be used for AOC determination. 3 mg L -1. 1 mg L -1. Schaule, G., Moschnitschka, D., Schulte, S., Tamachkiarow, A., Flemming, H.-C. (2007): Biofilm growth in response to various concentrations of biodegradable material in drinking water. Wat. Sci. Technol. 55, 191-195.

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FOS could be used for AOC determination

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  1. FOS could be used for AOC determination 3 mg L-1 1 mg L-1 Schaule, G., Moschnitschka, D., Schulte, S., Tamachkiarow, A., Flemming, H.-C. (2007): Biofilm growth in response to various concentrations of biodegradable material in drinking water. Wat. Sci. Technol. 55, 191-195 Biofilm Centre

  2. Level 1: Commercial heat transfer measurement device „Neosens FS“ Principle Biofilm Centre

  3. Neosens FS-900/FS-1000 details (1) Neosens FS-900/FS-1000 sensor (Neosens S.A., Labege, France) Sensor head with tip Biofilm Centre

  4. Neosens FS-900/FS-1000 details (2) Example: Application in cooling water system Biofilm Centre

  5. Level 1: Quartz crystal microbalance (LOT) D is related to the viscoelasticity f is related to the mass of the attached film Biofilm Centre

  6. QMB: Mass changes, thickness, density, viscosity and shear modulus detectable Surface material AuTiO2SiO2Polystyrene Real Time measurement MassThicknessDensityViscosityShear modulus t Sample size, ~1 nm – ~5* μm MassThicknessDensityViscosityShear modulus *Application dependant 7 Biofilm Centre

  7. The device 9 Flow channels for temperature stabilisation, volume ~ 100 l Quartz crystal, volume above sensor ~ 40 l Cross section of flow module Biofilm Centre

  8. Level 1:Mechatronic Surface Sensor (MSS) The accelerometer includes a small chip that measures extremely small vibrations Sensor (Accelerometer) Actuator (Piezo) The piezo element is composed of a metal sheet between two piezo layers that has a bending movement when a low electric voltage (< 1 V) is applied • The MSS concept is based on the effect of mass on the vibration of a material • The material in the systerm is used (PVC, PE, steel, iron etc.) L. Melo & A. Pereira, Univ. of Porto Biofilm Centre

  9. Acquisition process in MSS Computer The software makes the actuator vibrate at a well defined amplitude and frequency Actuator The surface vibration is detected by the sensor The software acquires the wave detected by the sensor, determines its amplitude and performs the ‘amplitude normalization’ Sensor L. Melo & A. Pereira, Univ. of Porto L. Melo & A. Pereira, Univ. of Porto

  10. Response to initial cell attachment Pseudomonas fluorescens Turbulent flow Amplitude of the output signal is inversely proportional to the biofilm cells number Good correlation obtained L. Melo & A. Pereira, Univ. of Porto Biofilm Centre

  11. MSS configuration Southampton University Front view Back view L. Melo & A. Pereira, Univ. of Porto Biofilm Centre

  12. Levels of information of some monitoring principles: Level I Scatteredlight (FOS) „Detectionof a deposit Differential turbidity (DTM) on a surface“Pressuredrop Heattransferresistance Weightincrease Velocityofsound Photoacousticspectroscopy Piezo-electricaldevice (PD) Level II FTIR-ATR-spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) „Biological aspectsofdeposit“Fluorescencespectroscopysensor (FluS) Level III FTIR-ATR-spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) „Detailedinformation“ Raman spectroscopy X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy Flemming, H.C. (2003): Role and levels of real time monitoring for successful anti-fouling strategies. Wat. Sci. Technol. 47 (5), 1-8 Biofilm Centre

  13. Biofilm monitoring by fluorescent biomolecules Approach: Use autofluorescence of biomolecules as signature for biomass Some fluorescent biomolecules

  14. Fluorescence analysis of backscattered light OptiQuad sensor Detection of biomolecules by their fluorescence Biofilm Centre

  15. Configuration after preliminary studies with drinking water biofilm on quartz coupons: • Fluorescence 1 excitation 290 nm, emission detection 340 nm tryptophan (biofilm) • Fluorescence 2 excitation 340 nm, emission detection 460 nm NADH (bacteria) • Dispersion 290 nm, 340 nm and 810 nm surface deposit characteristics • Refraction 663 nm particles in deposit • Transmission 290 nm, 340 nm, 663 nm and 810 nm deposit amount & nature Biofilm Centre

  16. Levels of information of some monitoring principles: Level I Scatteredlight (FOS) „Detectionof a deposit Differential turbidity (DTM) on a surface“Pressuredrop Heattransferresistance Weightincrease Velocityofsound Photoacousticspectroscopy Piezo-electricaldevice (PD) Level II FTIR-ATR-spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) „Biological aspectsofdeposit“Fluorescencespectroscopysensor (FluS) Level III FTIR-ATR-spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) „Detailedinformation“ Raman spectroscopy X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy Flemming, H.C. (2003): Role and levels of real time monitoring for successful anti-fouling strategies. Wat. Sci. Technol. 47 (5), 1-8 Biofilm Centre

  17. Level 3: Infrared flow-throughcell  Detailed chemical information about deposit  Biological material: amide I and II bands  Bypass device Biofilm Water Light source Detector Biofilm Centre

  18. Disassembled flow-cell Mounted flow-cell Biofilm generated on crystal Ge ZnSe Internal reflectance elements (IRE) IR source Evanescent wave Detector Biofilm Centre

  19. Simplified interpretation of the bacterial IR spectrum proteins polysaccharides -OH (various polymers) cell wall fatty acids wavenumbers cm-1 fingerprint region (fine differences between strains) proteins + polysaccharides Biofilm Centre

  20. IR spectrum of a process water biofilm Unusually high content of polysaccharides compared to washed bacteria (due to EPS) Biofilm Centre

  21. Conclusions • Nutrients are potential biomass • AOC determination indicates fouling potential, new methods are available – e.g., using bioluminescence, flow cytometry • Detection of biofouling: on surfaces • Required: „Eyes in the system“ • on-line, real time, non-destructively, in-situ, representative • automatic • Early warning of biofouling, timely and effective countermeasures • Verification of efficacy - breaking out of viscious cycle • Some commercial devices available, need application improvement! • Not yet fully met in membranes – use periphery for reference • Information: indirect, by physical parameters • Detailed information possible but still in laboratory phase • The List: • Optical sensors (FOS) • Heat transfer resistance (LOT) • Mechanical sensors (QMB, MSS) • Advanced sensors (SpectroQuad, FTIR) Biofilm Centre

  22. Biofilm Centre

  23. Future of RO water: Holy Drinking Water® Holy Drinking Water™ is purified bottled drinking water using the Reverse Osmosis process.  Once our water is bottled, it is blessed by clergy. Our Holy Drinking Water™ is designed as a multi-faith product.  Each bottle has a message on the label.  Our current message is simply "Be Good." A single bottle contains 16.9oz of purified dinking water.  Each case contains 24 bottles. Beware of our warning:"If you are a sinner or evil in nature, this product may cause burning, intense heat, sweating, skin irritations, rashes, itchiness, vomiting bloodshot and watery eyes, pale skin color, and oral irritations." http://www.holydrinkingwater.info/index-1.html Biofilm Centre

  24. The Business Idea BlessingOur water is blessed into holy water by hands of God.  By hands of God, we mean a priest, churchman, clergyman, cleric, curate, divine, ecclesiastic, elder, father, friar, holy man, lama, monk, padre, pontiff, preacher, rabbi, rector, sky pilot, or vicar. [obviously still vacancies for an Imam] Our future goal is to have a clergy from every faith bless each bottle of Holy Drinking Water™. Holy Drinking Water™: Wayne Enterprises is not planning on making profit from the sales of Holy Drinking Water™.  It is our intent to nurture this project until it can sustain itself.  We will then create a Non-profit organization to continue this cause and select clergy from multiple faiths to run the organization.  We would like to see the sales from Holy Drinking Water™ create scholarships, fund social or humanitarian projects that better man kind, and promote faith in God Applying to bless our water:  We are currently accepting applications for blessing our drinking water.  You must be an ordained clergy to apply.  All participant's information is kept highly confidential Biofilm Centre

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