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Education For Peace: Issues and Challenges

Education For Peace: Issues and Challenges. **************************************** LINS NGO Forum, HiO 22 May 2007 Kendra Dupuy, Researcher International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO). Armed Conflict.

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Education For Peace: Issues and Challenges

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  1. Education For Peace: Issues and Challenges **************************************** LINS NGO Forum, HiO 22 May 2007 Kendra Dupuy, Researcher International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO)

  2. Armed Conflict • Armed conflict: “The contested incompatibility that concerns government or territory or both, where the use of armed force between two parties results in at least 25 battle deaths. Of these two parties, at least one is the government of a state”. (Uppsala Conflict Data Project) • Not considering other forms of social violence such as riots, crime, oppression, or terrorism

  3. Armed Conflict • Internal armed conflict the dominant form of conflict worldwide since the end of World War 2 • 115 armed conflicts 1989-2001, nearly all internal (civil war) and primarily in developing/poor countries • 1980’s to present day: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Congo, Sudan, Somalia, Angola, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, former Yugoslavia, Chechnya, Guatemala, Columbia, Haiti, Lebanon, Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka (and many more, especially if we look from 1950’s through present day)

  4. Impact of Armed Conflict on (Formal) Education • Armed conflict limits or stops educational provision • Focus within international community (INEE; UNESCO) • SC estimate: 43 million out of 113 million children worldwide out of school due to armed conflict • Schools, infrastructure, materials are looted, vandalized, damaged, destroyed • Students, teachers are killed, injured, abducted, recruited; others flee and become refugees/IDPs with limited (if any) access to education; in/external brain drain of educated persons • Fear, insecurity, trauma, hunger, lost income: no school • National funding diverted away from education to defense

  5. Relationship Between Education and Armed Conflict • Education can play a role in fueling the outbreak of armed conflict • Stereotyping, cultural suppression, and perpetuation of intolerant and militant ideologies in textbooks, by teachers • Violence of varying degrees at school: fear, shame, humiliation, exploitation, discrimination, competition, and physical violence at schools • Lack of access and unequal access to education, and the production and reproduction of social inequalities through education

  6. Education and Peace • Negative vs. Positive peace • “Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed.” (UNESCO Constitution, 1945) • Attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, values contribute to peace: respect, tolerance. • Stability of social structures • Strengthen democracy: connections between democracy, political/social stability, education and peace • Educational provision as a peace dividend to end conflict: satisfying potential spoilers of the peace? • Protection of children from involvement in conflict? • Critical thinking skills (or control?)

  7. Education for Peace: Issues, Challenges • Phases: pre-conflict, during conflict, post-conflict • Context: root causes of the conflict (Greed? Access to resources? Grievance over exclusion? Identity based?) • Context: nature of the conflict (refugees, child soldiers, damage?) and dealing with the legacy of the conflict • How to rebuild an education system that promotes peace: hardware, software, teachers? Outcomes? Decentralization? Equity or equality? Priorities? • Is peace education enough?

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