Urban and small town water supply management models in Ghana

1. Urban and small town water supply management models in Ghana Presentation of findings from sector review and case studies from the TPP Project NLLAP meeting 30 July 2010

2. What has been studied? - Global experiences - Institutional framework in Ghana - Management models in Ghana - Case studies on management models

3. Global Experiences - Urban management models - Small towns management

4. Global studies: Urban management models • Utility management • Alternative service providers (private, NGO or community):

5. Global studies: Defining small towns • 'Small towns are settlements that are sufficiently large and dense to benefit from the economies of scale offered by piped systems, but too small and dispersed to be efficiently managed by a conventional urban water utility. They require formal management arrangements, a legal basis for ownership and management, and the ability to expand to meet the growing demand for water. Small towns usually have populations between 5,000 and 50,000, but can be larger or smaller‘ (David and Pilgrim 2000) • However it has been argued that: • Small town water supply can be managed by “conventional” utilities • The definition does not take into account the transition nature of small towns • The definition focuses too much on piped water supply. Different technologies could be appropriate in different parts of small towns

6. Global studies: Small town management models

7. Global studies: Support to management models • Direct support • Training • Technical assistance • Indirect support • Legislation • Regulation

8. Institutional mapping of urban and small town water supply in Ghana • Separate sub-sectors: • Small towns –> Community management, facilitated by CWSA • Urban -> Utility management by GWCL / AVRL

10. Institutional mapping of urban and small town water supply in Ghana • However, there is overlap on who is responsible for what. Different definitions of small towns: • National Water Policy (NWP) definition of a small town:“a community that is not rural but is a small urban community, with population between 2,000 to 30,000 that has been mandated by the relevant authority(ies) to manage its own water and sanitation systems”. • CWSA Small Towns Water and Sanitation Policy definition: “communities of between 2,000 and 50,000 population who require improved water supply and related sanitation facilities”. • Ghana Statistical Service definition of urban communities: communities with populations above 5,000 • Who is institutionally responsible for the unserved?

11. GIS mapping exercise • See maps

12. Management models for urban and small towns in Ghana Management model Self supply Private management GWCL/AVRL management Community management Urban Water Board Direct WSDB, with WATSAN Direct WSDB, without WATSAN Bulk water supply Intermediate private providers Independent private providers WSDB with PO Direct WSDB Source Private sector GWCL system, through tanker GWCL system GWCL system COM system COM system COM system Household system GWCLsystem Private system GWCL system Utility Community

13. Management models for urban and small towns Management model Self supply Private management Private management Utility management Community management Self supply GWCL/ AVRL management Intermediate private providers Intermediate private providers Independent private providers Independent private providers Direct WSDB WSDB with PO Water Board With watsan Without watsan Urban Small towns Sub-sector Private sector Utility Community

14. Support Ghana management models – Support roles GWCL/AVRL Private management Community managed, rural Community managed, urban Self supply Type of Model GWCL/AVRL GoG/GWCL Private Private DA Ownership GWCL/AVRL GWCL CWSA Facilitation Implementation GWCL/AVRL Private Private DA GWCL/AVRL Private DA AVRL? PURC Regulation: tariff setting DA AVRL? PURC Regulation: standard of service

15. Questions?

16. Urban models • GWCL/AVRL management • Intermediate service providers • Tanker services • Water vendors • AVRL tanker services • Community managed bulk supply: Urban Water Management Board • Small scale independent producers

17. Examples: Accra, Tamale, Kumasi Management model: GWCL/AVRL management 5 year Management contract Reports Money flows PURC Regulation GWCL Ownership AVRL Management and operations Clients

18. Holding tanks, kiosk, vendors, private standpipes: Examples: Teshie Zongo, South Teshie, Glefe-Agege and Nima (PURC), parts of Bolgatanga Management contract Reports Management model: Intermediate service providers Money flows GWCL Ownership AVRL tanker services. Examples: La, part of Osu, Wa (holding tank), Bolgatanga (water kiosk) Management of supply AVRL Operations of supply Management and Operations Tanker transport Pay in bulk Ownership, Management and operation of selling point Water vendor Pay in bulk Pay as you fetch Clients Clients

19. Management model: AVRL tanker services GWCL Ownership of supply system Contract Money flows Ownership of selling point AVRL (East Accra Regional Office) Management and operation of supply Service fee Tanker Distribution Pay per supply Waybill Coordinator Management of selling point Pays per supply commission Water vendor Operation of selling point Pay as you fetch waybill Clients

20. Examples: Teshie (AVRL), Sabon Zongo (WaterAid) Management model: Urban Water Management Board Management contract PURC Regulation and tariff setting for the bulk water supply Money flows Ownership and oversight of the (bulk) supply system GWCL AVRL Management and operations of (bulk) supply system Tanker Per supply transport Salary Oversight and Management of the selling points Water Board Per supply O&M of selling point Water vendor Pay as you fetch Clients waybill

21. Management model: Small scale independent producers Ownership, Management and operation SSIP Pay as you fetch Clients

22. Small town models • Direct WSDB management with watsan • Direct WSDB management without watsan • WSDB management with delegated operations (Public-Private Partnership) • WSDB management with delegated operations in the Three District Water Supply Scheme • Direct WSDB management with bulk supply

23. Examples: Pantang, Abokobi (Danida) Management model: Direct WSDB management with watsan CWSA Regional office Facilitation MMDA Ownership and regulation Watsan Monthly transfer of revenues WSDB Management, Sanitation and hygiene education • Operations account • Capital account (at least 20% of monthly net revenue) • Sanitation account: (at least 10% of monthly net revenue) Daily submission of revenues Operating staff Water vendors Operations 20% commission Pay as you fetch Monthly water bills Standpost clients Clients with HH connection Reports Money flows (S)Elects representatives

24. Examples: Asiakwa, Asesewa Management model: Direct WSDB management without watsan CWSA Regional office EVORAP Project staff Facilitation MMDA Ownership and regulation WSDB Management, Sanitation and hygiene education • Regular account • Replacement account 20% commission Operating staff Operations Water vendor Monthly water bills Pay as you fetch Clients with HH connection Standpost clients Reports Money flows

25. Examples: Bekwai, Atebubu, Wasa Akropong Management model: WSDB management with delegated operations (Public-Private Partnership) CWSA Regional office Facilitation Ownership and regulation MMDA 15% to replacement and rehabilitation account Management sanitation and hygiene education WSDB Watsan 10% to sanitation and hygiene account Private operator O&M account: 75% of revenues Water vendor (keeps 20% of income) Operations Monthly water bills Pay as you fetch Clients with HH connection Standpost clients 5 year O&M contract agreement Reports Money flows (S)Elects representatives

26. Examples: Bekwai, Atebubu, Wasa Akropong Management model: WSDB management with delegated operations in the Three District Water Supply Scheme CWSA Regional office Facilitation Ownership and regulation 3 DAs 2% to sanitation account 3% to replacement account Management sanitation and hygiene education WSDB Watsan 3% to O&M (from bulk water meter) 2% to WSDB allowances Collected money Private operator O&M account: 70% of revenues Water vendor Operations 20% commission Monthly water bills Pay as you fetch Clients with HH connection Standpost clients 5 year O&M contract agreement Reports Money flows (S)Elects representatives

27. Management model: Direct WSDB management with bulk supply Ownership, management and operations of bulk water supply GWCL AVRL Bulk water bill MMDA Ownership and regulation of distribution Water Council Watsans Management of distribution WSDB Operation unit Operations of distribution Water vendor (keeps 20% of revenues) Monthly water bills Pay as you fetch MOU Reports Clients with HH connections Standpost clients Money flows (S)Elects representatives

28. Market space 5 tables: • Direct WSDB management with and without watsan in Asesewa, Asiakwa, Pantang and Abokobi • WSDB management with delegated operations (Public-Private Partnership) in Bekwai and Atebubu • WSDB management with delegated operations in the Three District Water Supply Scheme • Direct WSDB management with bulk supply in Savelugu • AVRL tanker services in Accra

29. Market space discussion • Strengths and weaknesses of the model? • What enabling environment is needed to make the model work well? Who is / should be responsible for this? (direct and indirect support) • What is the potential for scaling up of the model, or the use of the model in other contexts?