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Basel III – Regulations for Safer Banking

This article discusses the importance of banks to the economy and the risks associated with financial crises. It highlights the capital adequacy requirements in Basel III and the measures for liquidity. It also discusses the need for special regulations for systemically-important banks and the features of the Swedish banking market. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for regulation in several areas to ensure safer banking.

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Basel III – Regulations for Safer Banking

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  1. Basel III – regulations for safer bankingSwedish Bankers’ Association Stefan Ingves, 10 November 2011

  2. The banks are important to the economy A motorway junction for the economy Important, but risk of serious external effects

  3. Financial crises have significant economic costs Crises have permanent negative effects on growth… …and, in a financial crisis, the bill for the taxpayers is considerable Conceptual sketch Public sector net debt in the United Kingdom, 2001-2013 GDP GDP level Trend Crisis Post-crisis trend Time Sources: The Riksbank, Independent Committee on Banking

  4. Banks need a substantial amount of equity Capital adequacy requirements in Basel III and Basel II 2% 1.5% 9.5% Contracyclical buffer 0-2.5% 8% 7% 4% 2.5% Conservation buffer 4.5% 4% 2% Minimum requirement 2% 2% CET 1 Additional Tier 1 Tier 2 CET 1 Additional Tier 1 Tier 2 Basel III Basel II

  5. Basel III sets up clear measures for liquidity Liquidity in the short term Liquidity in the long term Liquidity Coverage Ratio Net Stable Funding Ratio High quality liquid assets Available stable funding > 100% > 100% Net cash outflow over the coming 30 calender days Need for stable funding

  6. Systemically-important banks need special regulation • Almost 30 global systemically-important banks (G-SIB) • Package for special resilience • Framework for crisis management • Extra buffer of Common Equity Tier 1 equal to 1-2.5 per cent of RWA • More intensive supervision • On the way – D-SIB Indicators of systemic importance • Cross-jurisdictional activity • Size • Interconnectedness • Substitutability • Complexity

  7. Features of the Swedish banking market • Concentration • Size and international operations • Implicit state guarantees • Market funding and funding in foreign currencies • Liquidity • Risk weighting

  8. The Swedish banking system is concentrated Sources: OECD and World Bank

  9. Swedish banks are large and internationally dependent Bank assets in relation to GDP, June 2010 Sources: The ECB, the Swiss National Bank and the Riksbank

  10. Implicit state guarantees Five-year CDS for Danske Bank and Nordea 2010-2011, basis points Source: Bloomberg

  11. 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Foreign currency SEK Large share of market funding in foreign currency The major Swedish banks’ market funding via Swedish parent companies and subsidiaries, 1998-2011 (quarter 1), SEK billions Sources: Statistics Sweden and the Riksbank

  12. Weaker liquidity position than others in Europe Survival period in the Riksbank’s stressed scenario, months, December 2010 Stable funding as share of illiquid assets, December 2010 2,5 100% 90% 80% 2,0 70% 60% 1,5 50% 40% 30% 1,0 20% 10% 0,5 0% SEB Handels- banken Nordea Swedbank Mean, European banks 0,0 Handels- banken Swedbank Nordea SEB Mean, European banks Sources: Liquidatum and the Riksbank

  13. Swedish banks have low risk weightings Risk weighting on mortgages according to Basel II, per cent Sources: National central banks and the Riksbank, FSR 2011:1

  14. Sweden has had bad experiences of low capital adequacy Source: The Riksbank

  15. Resilience is needed in uncertain times Example: Rough estimate of loss aversion in 35 major European banks Loan losses and provisions 2007-2010 SEK 350 billion Common Equity Tier 1 2010 SEK 780 billion Example: Similarly large loan losses in the next few years 45 per cent of Common Equity Tier 1 350  780 Source: The Riksbank

  16. Other countries with large banking industries have more stringent regulations than Basel III Bank assets in relation to GDP, June 2010 • Commission of Experts • Progressive capital requirements • 10 per cent equity • 9 per cent contingent convertibles • Independent Commission • on Banking • Structural separation of retail and investment banking • Extra capital buffer for retail banks • Capital and bail-in bonds to total 17-20 per cent

  17. The Riksbank sees a need for regulation in several areas Capital adequacy requirements • Need to go beyond requirements of Basel III • Leverage ratio measure Short-term liquidity and reserve requirements • Need to be met on per-currency basis • ESRB recommendations Risk weightings Need for a floor

  18. The Riksbank will clarify its recommendations soon The Financial Stability Report 2011:2 will be published on 29 November

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