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Cell processes

Cell processes. Chemistry of Life, Cell Transport, & Cell Energy. What is everything c omposed of?. Everything around you is made of matter and energy . Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space. Energy : anything that brings about change. What are atoms?.

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Cell processes

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  1. Cell processes Chemistry of Life, Cell Transport, & Cell Energy

  2. What is everything composed of? • Everything around you is made of matter and energy. • Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space. • Energy: anything that brings about change.

  3. What are atoms? • All matter is made up of atoms. • Center of an atom is its nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons. • Outside of the nucleus are the electrons, which are involved in chemical reactions.

  4. What are elements? • Elements: structure only made up of one type of atom. • Cannot be broken down into simpler form by ordinary chemical reactions. • Arranged in a chart known as the periodic table of the elements. • All living things are made up of a combination of different elements.

  5. What elements are in your body?

  6. What are compounds? • Compounds are made up of two or more elements in exact proportions. • Compounds have different properties from the elements they are made from. • Compounds are composed of molecules. • Molecule: a group of atoms held together by the energy of chemical bonds. • Molecular Compounds form when different atoms share their outer-most electrons and bond together.

  7. What are ionic compounds? • Ions: electrically charged atoms, positive or negative. • Ions of opposite charges attract to one another to form electrically neutral compounds, known as ionic compounds. • Example: NaCl (salt)

  8. What are Mixtures? • Mixture: combination of substances in which individual substances keep their own properties. • Solution: mixture in which 2 or more substances are mixed evenly. • Suspension: forms when a liquid or gas has another substances evenly spread throughout it.

  9. What are organic compounds? • Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen and are associate with living/once living things. • Carbohydrates: supply energy for cell processes • Lipids: store and release large amounts of energy • Proteins: are the building blocks of many structures • Amino Acids: smaller molecules that make up proteins • Enzymes: proteins that regulate nearly all chemical reactions in cells • Nucleic acids: store important coded information in cells

  10. Why is water important? • Living things are composed of more than 50% water and depend on it to survive. • All chemical reactions in living things take place in water solutions. • Most living things use water to transport materials through their bodies.

  11. How do cells get the materials they need to do work? • Materials move in and out of the cell through the cell membrane. • Water and oxygen can cross the membrane through a process known as diffusion. • The cell membrane is semipermeable, meaning that it only allows certain substances to pass through it.

  12. What are diffusion & osmosis? • Diffusion is the movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. • Osmosis is the diffusion of water of water through a membrane.

  13. How do small particles enter/leave the cell? • Smaller particles, such as sugars, can cross the cell membrane through protein channels. • Passive Transport: the movement of particles from areas of high to low concentration through the cell membrane without using energy. • Examples: diffusion and osmosis • Active Transport: the movement of particles from areas of low concentration to high concentration. This process requires ENERGY.

  14. Materials moving into the cell…

  15. How do large particles enter/leave a cell? • Endocytosis: process that occurs when a cell surrounds a large particle and encloses it in a vesicle (a sac formed from a piece of the cell membrane) to bring the particle into the cell. • Exocytosis: process that occurs when a cell uses a vesicle to move a particle from inside the cell to outside a cell. • Both of these processes require energy from the cell.

  16. Endocytosis & Exocytosis

  17. Are endocytosis and exocytosis examples of active or passive transport?

  18. Are diffusion and osmosis examples of active or passive transport?

  19. How do plants make food? • The major source of energy for life on earth is the sun. • Plants use Carbon Dioxide, water, and the sun’s energy to make their own food through photosynthesis. • Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts. • Plants make glucose (a simple sugar) as their food source and expel oxygen as a waste.

  20. How do organisms obtain energy by eating food? • Cellular Respiration: cells use oxygen to break down food • Takes place in the mitochondria • To get energy, cells must break down glucose. • During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. • ENERGY is released and stored in a molecule called ATP. • Essentially, cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis!

  21. How do organisms obtain energy by eating food? • Fermentation: food is broken down without oxygen. • Used by some bacteria and fungi. • Cells in other organisms may use fermentation when oxygen isn’t available for cellular respiration. • Example: muscle building, lactic acid formation

  22. The total of all chemical reactions in an organism is called metabolism.

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