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History of China

Until 20 th century: Dynastic Cycles Long periods of family rule divided by times of chaos. Mandate of Heaven Legitimacy, right to rule, came from ancestral wisdom from heaven. History of China. Overthrew emperor Birth of the Republic of China Weak central government under. . .

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History of China

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  1. Until 20th century: Dynastic Cycles • Long periods of family rule divided by times of chaos. • Mandate of Heaven • Legitimacy, right to rule, came from ancestral wisdom from heaven. History of China

  2. Overthrew emperor • Birth of the Republic of China • Weak central government under. . . • Sun Yat-sen • Nationalist Party (Kuomintang [KMT]) • Provincial warlords retained much power • Supported by various foreign powers Revolution of 1911

  3. Formed by intellectuals in 1921. Controlled by USSR. Initially united with KMT to defeat warlords and unite the country. Chinese communist party (CCP)

  4. 1927: KMT surprise attack against Communists • Beginning of Civil War • KMT led by. . . • Chiang Kai-shek • Communists led by. . . • Mao Zedong Nationalists v. communists

  5. 1931: Japanese invade Manchuria 1937: KMT and Communists ally to fight Japanese. 1945: WWII ends. Civil War back on. 1949: People’s Republic of China Chiang to Taiwan 1931-1949

  6. Collectivism • Community above individual • Self-Reliance & Struggle • Egalitarianism • Mass Line • Line of communication (back and forth) from CCP leaders, through members, to peasants. • Leaders take ideas of the masses, shape them into policy, then explain that policy to the masses. • “Iron Rice Bowl:” Guaranteed Employment. Maoist Philosophy

  7. Both • Democratic centralism • Pre-industrial society Mao • More Egalitarian social structure • Mass line: greater political efficacy (in theory) • More agrarian based Mao and lenin

  8. Heavily influenced by Soviet expertise Land Reform– redistribution from rich to poor Began developing industry Development in the prc (1949-1957)

  9. Causes • USSR would not support: • China’s nuclear development • Attempts to attack Taiwan • USSR relaxed hostility with U.S. Sino-soviet split

  10. Mass line • Give and take of ideas • Invited criticism of party performance • Mass complaints by intellectuals about the political system. • Critics labeled as “rightists.” • Start of Anti-Rightist Campaign • Thousands of intellectuals persecuted Hundred flowers movement (1957)

  11. Develop industry AND agriculture • Become equal of Western World in 15 years. • Mass Mobilization • Collectivization of farms • Contradicted earlier land reform • People’s Communes • Thousands of households in one unit • Competed with other communes • DANWEI: • Work units • Lower part of CCP’s hierarchy linking individual to state. • Controlled education, housing, employment and daily life. The Great leap forward (1958-1962)

  12. Communes made their own steel. • Cheap and useless • Beijing set high goals for farm output • Local party members lied on reports • Party members afraid to challenge Mao’s policy • Not enough food for commune workers • Unusually bad weather • Three year famine • Famine and false reports led to 30 million deaths • 1960 pop=approx. 600 million. Failure of great leap forward

  13. Mao withdrew from public for several years after failure of Great Leap Forward. • Deng Xiaoping: Party leader that lead recovery. • Allowed farming on the side. • Relaxed restrictions on peasants. Aftermath of great leap forward

  14. The cultural revolution (1966-1976)“It’s right to rebel” Reasons • Mao feeling obsolete. • Declared that the party itself was an obstacle to revolution Factions in CCP • Reds • Politically reliable ideologists • Utopians Versus • Experts • Intellectuals • Economic growth

  15. Targets of cultural revolution “THE FOUR OLDS” Ideas Culture Habits Customs • Party Officials • Landlords • Capitalist Roaders • Rightists • Intellectuals • Businessmen • Associated with foreigners ___________________________ • Red Guard: • Followers of Mao who carried out Revolution

  16. Cult of mao Cult of Personality • The excessive adulation of a single leader • Little Red Book • Book of Mao quotes • Loyalty Dance • Twice a day homage to Mao.

  17. End of cultural revolution • Sent-Down Youth • Mao sent Red Guard to live in most rural areas to learn from peasants. • 1976: Mao Dies • 1976: Arrest of the Gang of Four • Included Mao’s wife • Radical architects of the Cultural Revolution IMPACT • Over ½ million killed. • 10 years of closed schools. • No scientific or technological advancement • Deng Xiaoping, a moderate “expert,” became new leader.

  18. BLACK CAT/WHITE CAT • “It doesn’t matter whether a cat is white or black, as long as it catches mice.” • Focus on economic prosperity, not socialism. • Dramatic turn-around for economy • Combined: • Socialist Planning • Capitalist Free Market • SOCIAL MARKET ECONOMY Deng xiaoping (1978-1997)

  19. Economic Pragmatist • Political Authoritarian • Absolute authority of Communist state. Economic Liberalization NOT Political Liberalization • GRADUAL economic change, NOT “shock therapy” Deng xiaoping

  20. Deng xiaoping’s modernization (‘78-‘97) FOUR MODERNIZATIONS Industry Agriculture Science Military • Open Door Trade Policy • Reformed Education • Visited U.S. and normalized relations

  21. Household Responsibility System • Peasants could lease land. • Keep the surplus crop. • Greatly reduced poverty in the countryside. • “Mao Zedong gave us liberation. Deng Xiaoping gave us food.” • Popular saying in countryside End of the communes (1983)(Black Cat/White Cat)

  22. Small entrepreneurs begin to emerge. • Township and Village Enterprises (TVE) • Rural factories and businesses • Run by local government and private entrepreneurs. • Beginning stages of privatization Entrepreneurs and privatization (1980s)

  23. Tax breaks and incentives for foreign investors (FDI) in certain cities. 1979: 4 SEZ Special economic zones (sez)(Black cat/white cat) “TO GET RICH IS GLORIOUS!” -- Deng Xiaoping

  24. Tax breaks and incentives for foreign investors (FDI) in certain cities. • 1979: 4 SEZ • 1984: 18 SEZ • 1990s: Began to create: • Free Trade Zones • High-Tech Zones • Economic & Tech Zones • Various zones get different preferential policies Special economic zones (sez)(Black cat/white cat) “TO GET RICH IS GLORIOUS!” -- Deng Xiaoping

  25. China’s economic growth

  26. Number of SOEs is decreasing. Number of private enterprises is increasing. State owned enterprises (soe) & private industry

  27. The size and assets of SOEs is on the rise. RMB=Renminbi (“people’s currency”) Yuan is the primary unit. State owned enterprises (soe) & private industry

  28. Made in China…

  29. What’s at Stake for the U.S.?

  30. Issues accompanying economic growth

  31. SIGNIFICANT INCOME INEQUALITY Urban Households Rural Households

  32. Issues accompanying economic growth

  33. Smog covering The skyline of Wuhan city (December 2009) http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/12/02/the_great_wall_of_smog#9

  34. Smog blankets main street in linfen (2009) http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/12/02/the_great_wall_of_smog#7

  35. Three gorges dam (2006) • Generates electricity equivalent to 11 nuclear power stations. • World’s largest hydroelectric project. • 40 stories high (600 feet) • 1.25 miles long • 10 years to build

  36. Issues with the dam

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