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16.0 CELLULAR RESPIRATION

16.0 CELLULAR RESPIRATION. BY : NURFAZLINI ISMAIL JURAINI JAAFAR. Subtopics. 16.1 Types of respiration : aerobic and anaer obic respiration 16.2 Aerobic respiration 16.3 Anaerobic respiration : fermentation and its applicati on.

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16.0 CELLULAR RESPIRATION

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  1. 16.0 CELLULAR RESPIRATION BY : NURFAZLINI ISMAIL JURAINI JAAFAR FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  2. Subtopics • 16.1 Types of respiration : aerobic and anaerobic respiration • 16.2 Aerobic respiration • 16.3 Anaerobic respiration : fermentation and its application FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  3. 16.1 TYPES OF RESPIRATION : AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION At the end of this lesson students should be able to: • State the needs for energy & the role of respiration in living organisms. • Describe the aerobic & anaerobic respiration and the requirement for such conditions. FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  4. Why do we need energy? • All organisms need energy to live. • The way an organism obtains energy is called its metabolism. • Metabolism refers to all the physical and chemical processes in the body that convert or use energy, such as: • Breathing • Circulating blood • Controlling body temperature • Contracting muscles • Digesting food and nutrients • Eliminating waste through urine and feces • Functioning of the brain and nerves FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

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  6. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) • The molecule from which cells derive energy. • ATP comprised of an adenosine molecule (adenine + ribose sugar) bonded to three phosphate groups • As an energy source FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

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  8. Formation and breakdown of ATP • All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds - breaking the bond releases the energy • By breaking that one bond and reducing ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), the cell can get the energy to carry out its various processes. • An enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADPto form ATP FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

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  10. WHAT KIND OF REACTION? ATP HYDROLYSIS!!!!!! + ENERGY RELEASED ADP FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  11. How ATP do work? • ATP molecules are relatively unstable • ATP molecules readily donate a phosphate group (Pi) to other molecules (thus, ATP becomes ADP) • Phosphorylation- molecule gains a Pi • Molecule undergoes some physical change that causes it to do work • ADP and Pi must rejoin to regenerate a cell’s supply of ATP FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  12. Cell recycles ATP FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  13. Cell requires a constant source of energy for life processes but keep only a small amount of ATP on hand. • Cells can regenerate ATP as needed by using the energy stored in foods like glucose. • The energy stored in glucose by photosynthesis is released by cellular respiration and repackaged into the energy of ATP. FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  14. TERMINOLOGIES • Oxidation: the loss of electrons from a substances involved in a redox reaction • Reduction: the addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction • Decarboxylation: remove of a carboxyl group and release of carbon dioxide • Phosphorylation: addition of phosphate group to a substrate FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  15. WHAT IS CELLULAR RESPIRATION??? FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  16. FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  17. What is cellular respiration • Oxidation /breakdown of glucose to produce ATP, carbon dioxide and water • Can either be aerobic or anaerobic • Provides energy to the organisms. • Allows the living organisms to perform all the functions necessary to maintain life. FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  18. Aerobic respiration • Complete breakdown/oxidation of glucose to CO2, H20 and released ATP in the presence of oxygen • Occurs in the mitochondria of the cell. • Total of 36 / 38 ATP molecules produced per glucose oxidized FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  19. Human cells contain a specialized structure – the mitochondrion – that generates energy. Matrix Cristae Inner membrane Outer membrane FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  20. AEROBIC RESPIRATION : GLUCOSE BREAKDOWN FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  21. Anaerobic respiration • If no oxygen is available, cells can obtain energy through the process of anaerobic respiration. • Occurs in the cytoplasm • Incomplete oxidation of glucose and results in the formation of fewer ATP molecules than aerobic respiration. • There are two primary processes: • Lactic Acid Fermentation • Alcohol Fermentation FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  22. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION : ALCOHOL FERMENTATION C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 2ADP + 2phosphate 2CH3CH2OH (ethanol) + 2CO2 + 2ATP + 210 kJ FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

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  24. Alcohol fermentation - occurs in bacteria and yeast • Process used in the baking and brewing industry • yeast produces CO2gas during fermentation to make dough rise and give bread its holes FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  25. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION : LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION C6 H12 O6 (Glucose) + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate 2CH3CHOHCOOH (lactic acid) + 2ATP + 150 kJ FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

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  27. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION • Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells • Muscle need to produce energy anaerobically by breaking down glucose into lactic acid • Accumulation lactic acid is produced in the muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues causes burning sensation/cramp in muscles • They then switch from aerobic to anaerobic respiration FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  28. A large amount of oxygen is needed to break down the accumulated lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water or turn to glycogen in liver for storage so we pant after doing exercise. • The amount of oxygen required to get rid of lactic acid is called oxygen debt. FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

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  30. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN AEROBIC & ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION • Both involve breakdown/oxidation of glucose // used glucose as respiratory substrate • Both process produce ATP • Both process involve glycolysis to produce pyruvate FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  31. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  32. 16.2 AEROBIC RESPIRATION At the end of this lesson student should be able to: • Describe the oxidation of glucose which involves glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation 16.2.1 Glycolysis • Describe glycolysis pathway : from glucose to pyruvate • Describe link reaction : conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  33. Aerobic Respiration • Involves three metabolic stages which are locate in difference places : • Glycolysis, which occurs as in the cytosol. • Krebs cycle, which takes place within the mitochondrial matrix. • Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the inner mitochondrial membranes. FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  34. OVERVIEW OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  35. Types of ATP production • Oxidative phosphorylation • The synthesis of ATP by phosphorylation of ADP for which energy is obtained by electron transport chain. • Takes place in the mitochondria during aerobic respiration • Powered by the redox reaction that transfer an electron from food to oxygen. • 90% of the ATP generated by respiration. FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  36. ii. Substrate - level phosphorylation. • The synthesis of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate ( high energy intermediate) to a molecule of ADP • Occur during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle • A smaller amount of ATP produced FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

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  38. Redox reaction • The main process in cellular respiration • The oxidation of glucose involved the degradation of the glucose molecule (C6H12O6) and the transfer of electrons during the chemical reaction. • The relocation of electron is used to synthesize ATP. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy(ATP + heat) FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  39. Decarboxylation • Decarboxylation is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide (CO2) FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  40. Coenzymes in cellular respiration • NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) • Called a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction where it can: • oxidize a metabolite by accepting electrons • reduce a metabolite by giving up electrons • Accepts two electrons and two hydrogen ions (H+) to become NADH + H+ • Each NAD+ molecule used over and over again FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  41. FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) • Also a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction • Sometimes used instead of NAD+ • Accepts two electrons and two hydrogen ions (H+) to become FADH2 FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  42. 16.2.1 GLYCOLYSIS • Glycolysis takes place in the cell cytoplasm (in the cytosol ). • The necessary enzymes are not found in the mitochondria. • It is the first stage of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration and therefore takes place with or without oxygen. FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  43. The word glycolysis means “splitting of sugar”, and that is exactly what happens during this pathway. • One moleculeof glucose (containing six carbon atoms) is split by a series of enzyme mediated reactions into two molecules of pyruvate (each containing three carbon atoms). FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

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  46. 1st step ENERGY INVESTMENT PHASE • Glucose is phosphorylated by ATP to form a glucose-6-phosphate, more reactive sugar • Catalyzed by hexokinase * FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  47. ENERGY INVESTMENT PHASE 2nd step • Glucose-6-phosphate is rearranged to its isomer fructose-6-phosphate • Structure (isomerization) moves the carbonyl oxygen from carbon 1 to carbon 2, forming a ketose from an aldose sugar. FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  48. 3rd step ENERGY INVESTMENT PHASE • The fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated by another ATP forming fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. • Catalyzed by phosphofructokinase * FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  49. 4th step ENERGY INVESTMENT PHASE • The fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is splitinto two different 3 carbon sugar (isomer) • Which is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate • Only the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate can proceed immediately through glycolysis. FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

  50. 5th step ENERGY PAY-OFF PHASE • The other product of step 4, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, is rearranged to form another glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. FAZ&JUJ/CELLULAR RESPIRATION/1415

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