The Catholic Church through the Ages

1. The Catholic Church through the Ages The Modern Age 1789-Present Larry Fraher

2. For Discussion • What do you know about the ‘enlightenment’? • What is positive? • What is negative?

3. The Enlightenment • Reason becomes the measure of all • Science and Scientific Method • The blend of theology and philosophy is rejected • Mathematics and Natural Science become the “New Gospel” • And become the measuring stick for the Gospel • Ecclesiastical influence decays as the “Secular Age” dawns

4. The Enlightenment • Enlightenment Philosophy • Throws off Christianity • Moves into Empiricism • Individualistic • Experience • Enlightenment Politics • Church seen as an enemy • Human Person/Reason

5. The French Revolution • “Straw that Breaks the Camel’s Back” • European Catholicism loses influence in Northern European politics • State begins running the Church • Civil Constitution of the Clergy (CCC) • Reign of Terror – Martyrdom of French Clergy 1792 • Capture of Pius VI by French Army (1798) • Pius VII elected • Napoleon’s Use of the Church • Restores tolerance of the church in France • State continues to influence the church • Concordant

6. The French Revolution • The Effects on the Church • “Liberal Catholicism” • Embrace the Revolutionary Ideals • “Ultramontanism” • Rely on Rome • The effects on the Church • Fear of Modernism • “Circle the Wagons” • Syllabus of Errors • Vatican I

7. Out of the French Revolution • The 19th century • Rationalism • Focus on the Scientific Method • Human Ability to Reason can Replace Religion • Pope Pius IX: Bunker Mentality (Ultramontanism) • Last Bastion of Christianity was Catholicism • Focus on Authority, Obedience and Identity • Papacy • Devotionalism • Immaculate Conception • Sacred Heart/First Fridays • 1864: Syllabus of Errors • Condemns Rationalism • Condemns Freedom of Theological Thought

8. Vatican I (1869-1870) • Syllabus of Errors set Stage for Vatican I • Pius IX calls council • Ultramontanist Bishops and Theologians • Doctrine of Infallibility • Formally opens on December 8, 1869 • Dei Filius: The Dogmatic Constitution of the Roman Catholic Church • Revelation and Faith (Repeats Trent) • Pastor Aeternus • Papal Infallibility • Council recesses in the summer of 1870 • War breaks out in Europe • Subsequent loss of Papal States • Council is Never Reconvened

9. The Industrial Revolution • Major shift from rural and trade social order/economy to manufacturing economy • Lower cost of production = higher profit margin • Factories assist in raising the profit margin • “Station in Life” • Factory owners = rich (often protestant) • Factory workers = poor (often Catholic)

10. Catholicism and the Industrial Revolution • Church Response: Pope Leo XIII • “Rerum Novarum” • Human Dignity • Just Wages • Right of workers to form unions • Start of “Catholic Social Teaching” • Emphasis on the creation of a just social order. • First time in the ‘secular age’ where the Church speaks to the world.

11. Protestantism & The Enlightenment • Liberal Protestantism’s Quest for the Historical Jesus • Attempt to Prove Jesus using the Scientific Method… • Many Argue this Fails • Jesus becomes “Just another star on the Prophetic Horizon” • Conservative Protestantism’s Response • Every thing in the Scriptures is Written as it happened... • Early 20th Century • Historical/Critical Method of Biblical Interp. • Scripture within the Faith of the Writers • Use & Study of Scripture: Hermeneutics

12. The Hermeneutical Circle The Historical & Faith Situation of the Writer of Scripture Interpretation and Understanding for Our time Drawing the message’ As it was written The situation in life Of the interpreter

13. For Discussion… • Can you be “Catholic” and “American”? • In an age of immigration, can we trust the loyalties of the immigrant?

14. Catholicism in the United States • Catholics in the USA have always been “suspect” • Most Colonies and early states had anti-Catholic laws • Not until early 19th c. are these taken off of the books • Typical Question, “Can a Catholic be a patriot and a papist?” • 1800’s Influx of Catholic Immigrants

15. Catholicism in the United States • 1829: Catholic Emancipation in England • Episcopal Bishops of US warn against Catholics rising in Political Stature in the US • Nativist (anti-Catholic) Movement Publications • New York Observer • The Protestant • The Protestant Vindicator • The American Society to Promote the Principles of the Protestant Reformation • Maria Monk’s Books

16. Catholicism in the United States • Late 1800’s & “The Americanism Crises” • Vatican I concluding while Italian armies are taking the Papal States. • Further separations between church and state • French are more anti-clerical • The American Church • Can American ideals be assimilated into Catholicism? Is Catholicism juxtaposed against American Ideals?

17. Catholicism in the United States • The Americanism Crisis • Americanists (The Irish) • Catholics need to integrate more deeply into the American mainstream • Gibbons (Baltimore) • Ireland (Minneapolis/St. Paul) • Keane (Richmond) • O’Connell (CUA/Richmond) • The “Papists” (Bavarian Germans) • Bavarian Catholic Benedictines in the USA • Self-Governing Monastic Communities • St. Vincent (PA), St. John’s (MN)

18. Catholicism in the United States • The Americanist Crisis • Americanists: There is no discord between being a Catholic and an American. • Germans: Church and State must influence each other… • Catholicism must influence the society in which it exists • Pope Leo XIII’s Letter

19. Catholicism in the United States “it would be very erroneous to draw the conclusion that in America is to be sought the type of the most desirable status of the Church, or that it would be universally lawful or expedient for state and Church to be, as in America, dissevered and divorced. The fact that Catholicity with you is in good condition, nay is even enjoying prosperous growth, is by all means to be attributed to the fecundity with which God has endowed his Church, in virtue of which unless men or circumstances interfere, she spontaneously expands and propagates herself; but she would bring forth more fruits if, in addition to liberty, she enjoyed the favor of the laws and the patronage of public authority.”

20. Catholicism in the United States • Americanist Crisis Resolved. • American values -- trust the bishops. • No consolidation between American dogma and practice • Be Catholic AND be an American (Often separated) • Effects on American Catholic Theology • Do, not think… • Great Pragmatism • Uneducated laity

21. Setting the Stage for Vatican II • Prior to 1963 how did you, within your particular upbringing, understand “Catholicism”, or, for younger members, what was your understanding of Catholicism? • What was the Cultural Impression or understanding of Catholicism?

22. 20th Century • Neo-scholasticism • Through these 80 years (1860-1940) the Church sought to re-establish itself in the Scholastic tradition of theology. • Each pope from Pius IX to Pius XII facilitates and furthers this • Adds to Papal Isolation • Firms up a sense of the Church as out of touch with the realities of a progressing world

23. 20th Century Movements that Influence Vatican II • The Liturgical Movement • Dom Guarenger, Lambert Beauduin, Romano Guardini, Virgil Michel • Believed the Liturgical Life of the Church to be the most important aspects of Christian life • Especially the Eucharist • Introduction of the ‘Dialogue Mass’ • Advocacy for laity to understand the mass • From and to the liturgy all Christian life flows

24. 20th Century Movements that Influence Vatican II • The Liturgical Movement in the US • Centered at St. John’s Abbey, Collegeville, MN • The Liturgical Press • Latin/English Missals • Participation of the Laity • Worship Magazine • Collegeville Credit Union • Advocacy of vernacular in liturgy • Resourcemont (Return to the Sources) or New Theology • Scholarship focusing in the Patristic Era (1st 3 Centuries) • Ability to see doctrine as evolutionary and dynamic • As opposed to fixed and static in neo-scholasticism • Recovery of the Spirit of the Early Church

25. 20th Century Movements that Influence Vatican II • Liturgical Movement and Resourcemont Combine to Move the Church Forward • DeLubac, VonBalthasar, Rahner, Metz, Ratzinger • Lay Education • Increasing Knowledge of the Laity • Church in Europe • Once culturally bound to the people and society • Becoming irrelevant to the daily lives of the people

26. World War II • Events of WWII Force the Church to Question itself… • Reign of Pius XII is last stand of ‘Imperial Papacy’ • Nations are no longer Catholic • Governments no longer ‘report’ to the Papacy • Christian Nation vs. Christian Nation • Neo-Scholasticism: Personal Piety • Resourcemont: Social Responsibility • Pius XII can no longer deny that the Church is in need of “updating” • Considered calling a council shortly before his death

27. Vatican II • 1958 Pius XII Dies • Angelo Roncalli elected • Takes John XXIII • January 25, 1959 • Calls for the Second Vatican Council • 1959, Preparatory Commissions begin Work • 1960: Official closing of Vatican I • October 11, 1962 • Council Opens

28. Goals of the Council • Re-invigorate the Church • Principal Duties of the Council • Defend, Advance, and Transmit the Truth faithfully and fearlessly • Assist Humanity to live as Citizens of Earth and Heaven • Seek the Kingdom of God • Contribute to the Building of Society • Engage science as a means to know God’s designs • Develop new ways to present and offer the Faith in the modern World • More prudently and mercifully address theological error • Repudiate Atheism • Promote the Unity of the Christian and Human Family

29. The Second Vatican Council • 1st Major Hurdle • Death of John XXIII, June 1963, after only 1 session of the Council. • Election of Paul VI, who agrees to continue the Council.

30. The Second Vatican Council “This was the first fully ecumenical council since the Council of Jerusalem. All the world’s bishops were present. All the Christian Denominations were invited, and most were present as ‘observers’. Jewish leaders were invited as observers. The whole Church was represented!” -Fr. Godfrey Diekmann, OSB Expert on the Liturgy, Vatican II

31. The Second Vatican Council • Five Major Documents that Lead to Five Major ‘Paradigm Shifts’ • Constitution on the Liturgy (1963) • Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (1963) • Decree on Ecumenism (1965) • Decree on the Apostolate of the Laity (1965) • Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (1965)

32. 5 Paradigm Shfts • From Universal Language (Latin) to Particular Language (Vernacular) in the Liturgy… • Liturgy is the Work of the People. • People must understand as they worship. • Full, Conscious and Active participation • Eucharist as “source and summit”. • Restoration of “catechumenate” & Paschal Triduum (3 days) • Church revolves around Easter.

33. From The Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy (Sacrosanctum Concilium, 12/63) 48. “The Church, therefore, earnestly desires that Christ’s faithful, when present at this mystery of faith, should not be there as strangers or silent spectators. On the contrary, through a good understanding of the rites and prayers they should take part in the sacred action, conscious of what they are doing, with devotion and full collaboration… They should give thanks to God. Offering the immaculate victim, not only through the hands of the priest but also together with him, they should learn to offer themselves. Through Christ, the Mediator, they should be drawn day by day into ever more perfect union with God and each other, so that finally, God may be all in all.”

34. 5 Paradigm Shfts • From ‘People Arrived’ to a ‘Pilgrim People’ • Church (All of us) are the “People of God” • Share a Universal Call to Holiness, rooted in Baptism. • Hierarchy as Gift not Dignity Based… • The Church as Moving Toward the Kingdom of God • Communal vs. Individual • Knowledge as “Full” vs. “Partial” • Reception of the Gospel connotes responsibility to it.

35. From the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (Lumen Gentium, 11/64) 17. “…Thus the Church prays and likewise labors so that into the people of God, the Body of the Lord and the Temple of the Holy Spirit, may pass the fullness of the whole world, and that in Christ, the head of all things, all honor and glory may be rendered to the Creator, the Father of the universe.”

36. 5 Paradigm Shfts • From ‘Either you are in the Boat or your not’, to ‘We see the elephant, you may only see the trunk.’ • Conception of Universal Truth • Belief in Revelation as Revelation of Objective Truth • Previously we said, “If you aren’t in my boat, you’re gonna drown.” • Now we say, “The fullness of the Boat is here, and you may have a part of it, but we’ve got the fullness”. • This Shift applies to World Religions as well. • Catholics and Main-stream denominations have led the way in ecumenism and inter-faith dialogue.

37. From the Decree on Ecumenism (Unitatis Redintegratio, 11/64) 3. Those “who believe in Christ and have been properly baptized are put in some, though imperfect, communion with the Catholic Church… But even in spite of them [obstacles which prevent unity of all Christians] it remains true that all who have been justified by faith in baptism are incorporated into Christ; they therefore have the right to be called Christians, and with good reason are accepted as brothers [and sisters] by the children of the Catholic Church.”

38. 5 Paradigm Shfts 4. From PPO Catholic to Catholic Engaged in the World • PPO = Pray, Pay and Obey • Vatican II Calls the Laity to Christian Responsibility in the World • Not enough to be Christian on Sunday • Be a Christian Plumber, a Christian CEO, etc. • Unique Ministerial Character of the Laity is the Advancement of Christ’s work in the World • Later the mission of the Church – Evangelization.

39. From the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Gadium et Spes, 12/65) 43. “Let there, then, be no such pernicious opposition between professional and social activity on the one hand and religious life on the other… Let Christians follow the example of Christ who worked as a craftsman; let them be proud of the opportunity to carry out their earthly activity in such a way as to integrate human, domestic, professional, scientific and technical enterprises with religious values, under whose supreme direction all things are ordered to the Glory of God.”

40. 5 Paradigm Shfts • From internal society awaiting the end, to Christian Society serving the World. • Revealed Eschatology or Realizing Eschatology • The work of the church • Only through our attachment to Grace • Human Solidarity requires action on behalf of all humanity. • “I came that they may have life, and life to the full.” (Jn. 10:10) • The work of the church in the world, empowered by the Grace of Christ, is to bring humanity to it’s fullness.

41. From the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Gadium et Spes, 12/65) 43. “The laity are called to participate actively in the whole life of the Church; not only are they to animate the world with the spirit of Christianity, but they are to be witnesses to Christ in all circumstances and at the very heart of the community of mankind.”

42. Catholicism Today • 60’s – 80’s • Vatican II Generation Gap • Change without education • From the Baltimore Catechism to Warm Fuzzies • Baltimore Catechism: The ‘What’s’ of Faith… • Feelings, Nothing More than Feelings… • Crisis = Ministry Becomes about Personal Relationships and Personal Attachments • “Danger, Will Robinson, Danger.”

43. Catholicism Today • 90’s • Re-emerging Piety & Devotions • Desire for Black and White in a Gray World • Rise in Laity serving as professionals in the Church • Challenge – Formation • Job Qualification for a Coordinator of Youth Ministry ca. 1990: “Degree in Psychology or social service, ability to relate well with teens…” • Theology not emphasized!!!!

44. Catholicism Today • 21st Century • Vatican II shifted paradigms, it didn’t create a new church. • Tuning the Hybrid Engine • Balance between Engine of Tradition and Engine of Reform • Cannot convert the Gospel to the Culture, we must transform the culture to the Gospel. • While keeping both in the best working order • Re-discovering the intellectual tradition of faith, not apart from the experience of faith, but as essential to it.

45. Conclusions • “Those who fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it.” – George Santayana • See the church in history, and its doctrine through history as ‘developing’. • What we know today we could not have known yesterday • The Church is human! • Guided by the Holy Spirit, united to Christ Jesus • The Church is human. • Descendent of Adam, In Possession of Original Sin

46. Conclusions: Where to From Here? • Dialogue. Honest Dialogue. • Unity is not Uniformity, in fact, unity is only truly found in diversity. • Rooting in the Tradition beyond the “what” and into the “why”. • Moving from “Experiential Faith” to “Experienced, Reasoned and True Faith” • Seeking Truth as the Objective Reality it is.