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2. Chapter Menu Lesson 1:Energy from the Sun Lesson 2:Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Lesson 3:Air Currents Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

3. 9.1 Energy from the Sun atmosphere troposphere stratosphere electromagnetic spectrum infrared radiation ultraviolet wave

4. 9.1 Energy from the Sun Earth’s Atmosphere • The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds Earth.

5. 9.1 Energy from the Sun Layers in the Atmosphere • Troposphere • Stratosphere • Mesosphere • Thermosphere What is the structure of Earth’s atmosphere?

6. 9.1 Energy from the Sun Layers in the Atmosphere (cont.)

7. 9.1 Energy from the Sun The Sun’s Continuous Spectrum • The electromagnetic spectrum includes the entire range of wavelengths or frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.

8. 9.1 Energy from the Sun Visible Radiation • Sunlight is sometimes referred to as visible light or white light. • The Sun’s energy peaks in the range of visible light.

9. 9.1 Energy from the Sun Near-Visible Radiation • Infrared (IR)radiation has longer wavelengths than visible light. • Ultraviolet (UV) waves have shorter wavelengths than visible light.

10. 9.1 Energy from the Sun Sunlight Penetrating the Atmosphere

11. 9.1 Energy from the Sun A Blue Sky • Blue, indigo, and violet light is absorbed and reflected as it passes through the atmosphere. • The sky appears blue when blue light scatters and reaches our eyes.

12. 9.1 Energy from the Sun A Red Sunset • As the Sun sets, light travels a longer path through Earth’s atmosphere. • Longer wavelengths (yellow, orange) are reflected, leaving only the longest wavelength, red, to reach our eyes.

13. 9.1 Energy from the Sun A Black Sky • Since space has no atmosphere to reflect or scatter any light, the sky would appear black.

14. 9.1 Energy from the Sun The Sun’s Power • Solar heating provides energy to warm Earth. • Solar radiation is constant and uniform, but is not evenly distributed on Earth.

15. 9.1 Energy from the Sun The Angle of Sunlight • The Earth is a sphere and therefore the sun’s light strikes the surface at different angles.

16. 9.1 Energy from the Sun Sun’s Energy on Earth • The Sun’s energy serves as the power for air currents, weather systems, and the water cycle. • Energy from the sun can be harnessed directly and indirectly. The Water Cycle

17. 9.1 Energy from the Sun Lesson 1 Review • A • B • C • D The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is _____. A argon B oxygen C nitrogen D ozone

18. 9.1 Energy from the Sun Lesson 1 Review • A • B • C • D Which is a list of visible light from longest to shortest wavelength? A blue, indigo, violet, green, red, orange, yellow B violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red C red, orange, yellow, blue, indigo, violet, green D red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet

19. 9.1 Energy from the Sun Lesson 1 Review • A • B • C • D What percent of incoming solar radiation is reflected? A 30% B 5% C 25% D 50%

20. End of Lesson 1

21. 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere inversion greenhouse gas global warming

22. 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Conduction in Air • Conduction heats air close to Earth’s surface.

23. 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Convection • Convection moves hot air that is near the Earth’s surface to higher altitudes. • In a convection current, hot air rises and cold air sinks due to differences in density. • Convection currents distribute heat energy within the troposphere.

24. 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Temperature Inversions • An inversion occurs when warm air sits on top of cold air. • The air that is rising from Earth’s surface can only reach a certain height, and then it becomes trapped under the inversion.

25. 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Radiation • Radiation is the form of heat transfer that warms the Earth. • Different molecules absorb radiation with different wavelengths. • Every object in the universe emits radiation as long as it has a temperature above absolute zero.

26. 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Maintaining Radiation Balance • The total amount of energy reaching Earth from the Sun is equal to the amount of energy leaving Earth.

27. 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Greenhouse Gases • Greenhouse gases such as water vapor, methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide are responsible for a large percentage of the additional warming of Earth’s surface. • Global warmingis the process in which the average surface temperature increases. Global Warming

28. 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Greenhouse Gases (cont.)

29. 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Greenhouse Gases (cont.)

30. 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Lesson 2 Review • A • B • C • D What form of heat transfer needs material through which to travel? A radiation B convection C conduction D subduction

31. 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Lesson 2 Review • A • B • C • D What condition would exist in a typical inversion? A the temperature in the troposphere decreases with height B the temperature in the troposphere increases with height C the temperature in the stratosphere increases with height D the temperature in the stratosphere decreases with height

32. 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Lesson 2 Review • A • B • C • D Which of the following is a greenhouse gas? A oxygen B nitrogen C water vapor D argon

33. End of Lesson 2

34. 9.3 Air Currents wind updraft downdraft Coriolis effect jet stream

35. 9.3 Air Currents Local Winds and Eddies • Wind is air that is in motion relative to the surface. • An eddy is a current of air that runs counter to the main current.

36. 9.3 Air Currents Uneven Heating of Earth’s Surface • Uneven heating of Earth’s surface by the sun causes differences in air pressure which causes wind. • Materials on Earth’s surface absorb or reflect different amounts of sunlight.

37. 9.3 Air Currents Percent of Reflection of Solar Radiation Uneven Heating of Earth’s Surface (cont.)

38. 9.3 Air Currents Uneven Heating of Earth’s Surface (cont.) • Differences in materials on the Earth’s surface cause the air to heat unevenly resulting in convection currents.

39. 9.3 Air Currents Updrafts • As land becomes warm, it warms the air above it. • An updraft, or thermal, occurs as the air is heated and it expands becoming less dense than the surrounding air.

40. 9.3 Air Currents Downdrafts • A downdraft, or sinking column of air, occurs when dense air sinks toward Earth’s surface.

41. 9.3 Air Currents The Coriolis Effect • The Coriolis effect is the deflection of wind caused by Earth’s rotation.

42. 9.3 Air Currents Global Convection Currents • In the one cell model, Earth’s atmosphere circulated in a large convection cell in each hemisphere. • The three cell model more accurately describes Earth’s atmosphere.

43. 9.3 Air Currents The Three-Cell Model First Cell: Hadley Cell • Between 0º to near 30º latitude Second Cell: Ferrel Cell • Between 30º and 60º latitude Third Cell: Polar Cell • Between 60º and 90º latitude

44. 9.3 Air Currents Prevailing Winds • The global cells in each hemisphere create northerly and southerly winds. • Trade winds • Westerlies • Polar easterlies

45. 9.3 Air Currents Jet Streams • Jet streams are strong, continuous winds that range from around 200–250 km/h. • 6-10 km above Earth’s surface • polar jet stream • subtropical jet stream

46. 9.3 Air Currents Lesson 3 Review • A • B • C • D _____ result when a large area of land absorbs more solar radiation than the land nearby? A Downdrafts B Updrafts C Coriolis effects D Trade winds

47. 9.3 Air Currents Lesson 3 Review • A • B • C • D What is an eddy? A winds that result from uneven surface heating B air in motion relative to the Earth’s surface C air that becomes warmer than the surrounding air D a current of air that runs counter to the main current

48. 9.3 Air Currents Lesson 3 Review • A • B • C • D Air generally moves _____. A from low to high pressure B from high to low pressure C from high to low altitudes D from east to west

49. End of Lesson 3

50. Chapter Resources Menu Chapter Assessment California Standards Practice Concepts in Motion Image Bank Science Online Interactive Table Virtual Lab BrainPOP Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.