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Chapter 2 An Introduction to Organic Compounds Functions, Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Conformations

Chapter 2 An Introduction to Organic Compounds Functions, Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Conformations. Adapted from Profs. Turro & Breslow, Columbia University and Prof. Irene Lee, Case Western Reserve University. Common Functional Groups. Class General Formula

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Chapter 2 An Introduction to Organic Compounds Functions, Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Conformations

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  1. Chapter 2 An Introduction to Organic Compounds Functions, Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Conformations Adapted from Profs. Turro & Breslow, Columbia University and Prof.Irene Lee, Case Western Reserve University

  2. Common Functional Groups ClassGeneral Formula Halohydrocarbons RX Alcohols R Ethers RR Amines

  3. Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides In the IUPAC system, alkyl halides are named as substituted alkanes

  4. Structures of Alkyl Halides

  5. Different Kinds of Alkyl Halides

  6. Nomenclature of Ethers As substituents: ???

  7. Structures of Alcohol and Ether

  8. Nomenclature of Alcohols • In an alcohol, the OH is a functional group • A functional group is the center of reactivity in a • molecule 1. Determine the parent hydrocarbon containing the functional group

  9. 2. The functional group suffix should get the lowest number 3. When there is both a functional group suffix and a substituent, the functional group suffix gets the lowest number

  10. 4. If there is more than one substituent, the substituents are cited in alphabetical order

  11. Nomenclature of Amines • The substituents are listed in alphabetical order and a number or • an “N” is assigned to each one

  12. Structures of Amines

  13. Naming Quaternary Ammonium Salts

  14. OtherCommon Functional Groups ClassGeneral Formula Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic Acids Esters Amides

  15. Attractive Forces Ionic bonds Covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds Dipole–dipole interaction Ion-dipole Dispersion Forces van der Waals force • The greater the attractive intermoleclar forces between molecules, the higher is the boiling point of the compound, eg. water.

  16. Protein Shape: Forces, Bonds, Self Assembly, Folding (Intramolecular forces) Ion-dipole (Dissolving) 40-600kJ/mol 10-40kJ/mol 150-1000kJ/mol 0.05-40kJ/mol 700-4,000kJ/mol

  17. A hydrogen bond is a special kind of dipole–dipole • interaction • What organic functions can have hydrogen bonding?

  18. Dipole–Dipole Interaction Dipole–dipole interactions are stronger than van der Waals force but weaker than ionic or covalent bonds

  19. van der Waals Forces Boiling and melting points of a compound increases with the increase in van der Waals force

  20. Ion-Dipole & Dipole-Dipole Interactions: like dissolves like • Polar compounds dissolve in polar solvents • & non-polar in non-polar

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