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Introduction to Organic Compounds

Introduction to Organic Compounds. An organism’s body is composed of large compounds – Four Groups Carbohydrates (sugars, starches) lipids (fats) Proteins Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) These compounds contain six key elements

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Introduction to Organic Compounds

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  1. Introduction to Organic Compounds • An organism’s body is composed of large compounds – Four Groups • Carbohydrates (sugars, starches) • lipids (fats) • Proteins • Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) • These compounds contain six key elements • Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) • Organic compounds: chemical compounds that make up tissues of living organisms

  2. Carbon Chemistry • It has four electrons in an outer shell but can hold eight • Carbon wants to form bonds (covalent bonds), to make it more stable • Molecules that contain many carbon atoms can assume complex shapes • Simple molecule • Chains • Branches • Rings • Carbon is a versatile atom

  3. Dehydration Synthesis • Dehydration Synthesis: means to form by removal of water. (making Polymers)

  4. Hydrolysis Reaction: Polymers are broken down by the addition of water.

  5. Horn Hair Spiderweb Large Molecules (polymers) are formed from Smaller Molecules (monomers) • Examples: proteins and DNA are polymers

  6. I. Carbohydrates: Starch and Sugars • Function for quick and short term energy storage in all organisms. • Play a structural role in woody plants, fungi and animals

  7. CH2OH O HO OH H OH H H H HO H 1. Monosaccharides (monomer) • “Mono-” means “one” • Simple sugars — glucose, fructose • Usually with 5 or 6 carbons • Ring shapes • Soluble in water • Taste sweet

  8. 1. Monosaccharides (All have the chemical formula - C6H12O6) They are isomers. • Glucose – Blood sugar • Fructose – Fruit sugar • Galactose – Part of milk sugar

  9. 2. Disaccharides (Dimer) • Consists of two monosaccharides and dehydrtion synthesis. • Examples: • Sucrose (table sugar) -glucose + fructose = sucrose • Lactose (milk sugar) - glucose + galactose = lactose • Maltose (forms in digestive tract)- glucose +glucose = maltose • A disaccharide is a double sugar

  10. CH2OH H HOCH2 O O H HOCH2 CH2OH O H H O H H H HO H H HO OH H O H HO CH2OH HO CH2OH OH H HO OH HO H HO H HO H HO H + HO H Disaccharide (example) • “Sucrose is disaccharide of glucose & fructose + Glucose Fructose Sucrose & Water

  11. 3. Polysaccharides (polymers) • They are long chains of sugar units • Examples: • Starch: energy storage in plants • Glycogen: long term energy storage in animals • Cellulose: structure of plant cell walls • Chitin: structure of fungi cell walls/ insect bodies • Complex carbohydrates are called polysaccharides

  12. Polysaccharides Glucose monomer Starch granules in potato tuber cells (a) Starch Glycogen Granules In muscle tissue (b) Glycogen Cellulose fibril in a plant cell wall Cellulose molecules (c) Cellulose Figure 3.13

  13. Chitin (make up cell walls of fungi)

  14. II. Lipids • Lipids are hydrophobic (water fearing) • They do not mix with water • Examples: fats, oils, waxes and steroids • Functions: energy storage, insulation, hormones, and membrane structure

  15. Fats • Fats are made of • One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids

  16. Types of Fats • (butter, lard) • Animal source • Unsaturated Fats – at least one double bond • (olive oil) • Vegetable source • Polyunsaturated – many double bonds • (vegetable oil-vegetable source) • Saturated Fats -have all single bonds, so saturated with hydrogens.

  17. III. Proteins • Molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids (monomer). • Amino acid + Amino acid + Amino acid = protein. • 20 amino acids make up all the proteins. • Proteins (polymer) perform most of life’s functions • Enzymes: guide chemical reactions • Structural: keratin – hair, horns, claws • Energy: albumin – egg • Transport: hemoglobin • Hormones: insulin • Antibodies: fight disease • Poisons: venomous snakes

  18. Types of proteins (d) Transport proteins (b) Storageproteins (a) Structural proteins (c) Contractile proteins Figure 3.18

  19. IV. Nucleic Acids • Nucleic acids are long chains of subunits called nucleotides • Transmit hereditary information • Determine what proteins a cell makes • There are two types of nucleic acids • DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid • RNA: Ribonucleic Acid

  20. DNA

  21. RNA

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