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Introduction to Organic Compounds

Dive into the world of organic compounds, the essential components of living organisms. Learn about the four major groups - Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids. Discover the six key elements that these compounds comprise and the fascinating chemistry of carbon. Explore dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis reactions, and the formation of polymers from smaller molecules. Delve into the realm of carbohydrates with monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, understanding their structures and functions. Uncover the diversity and roles of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in biological systems. With detailed examples and visuals, grasp the significance of these organic compounds in sustaining life.

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Introduction to Organic Compounds

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  1. Introduction to Organic Compounds • An organism’s body is composed of large compounds – Four Groups • Carbohydrates (sugars, starches) • lipids (fats) • Proteins • Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) • These compounds contain six key elements • Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) • Organic compounds: chemical compounds that make up tissues of living organisms

  2. Carbon Chemistry • It has four electrons in an outer shell but can hold eight • Carbon wants to form bonds (covalent bonds), to make it more stable • Molecules that contain many carbon atoms can assume complex shapes • Simple molecule • Chains • Branches • Rings • Carbon is a versatile atom

  3. Dehydration Synthesis • Dehydration Synthesis: means to form by removal of water. (making Polymers)

  4. Hydrolysis Reaction: Polymers are broken down by the addition of water.

  5. Horn Hair Spiderweb Large Molecules (polymers) are formed from Smaller Molecules (monomers) • Examples: proteins and DNA are polymers

  6. I. Carbohydrates: Starch and Sugars • Function for quick and short term energy storage in all organisms. • Play a structural role in woody plants, fungi and animals

  7. CH2OH O HO OH H OH H H H HO H 1. Monosaccharides (monomer) • “Mono-” means “one” • Simple sugars — glucose, fructose • Usually with 5 or 6 carbons • Ring shapes • Soluble in water • Taste sweet

  8. 1. Monosaccharides (All have the chemical formula - C6H12O6) They are isomers. • Glucose – Blood sugar • Fructose – Fruit sugar • Galactose – Part of milk sugar

  9. 2. Disaccharides (Dimer) • Consists of two monosaccharides and dehydrtion synthesis. • Examples: • Sucrose (table sugar) -glucose + fructose = sucrose • Lactose (milk sugar) - glucose + galactose = lactose • Maltose (forms in digestive tract)- glucose +glucose = maltose • A disaccharide is a double sugar

  10. CH2OH H HOCH2 O O H HOCH2 CH2OH O H H O H H H HO H H HO OH H O H HO CH2OH HO CH2OH OH H HO OH HO H HO H HO H HO H + HO H Disaccharide (example) • “Sucrose is disaccharide of glucose & fructose + Glucose Fructose Sucrose & Water

  11. 3. Polysaccharides (polymers) • They are long chains of sugar units • Examples: • Starch: energy storage in plants • Glycogen: long term energy storage in animals • Cellulose: structure of plant cell walls • Chitin: structure of fungi cell walls/ insect bodies • Complex carbohydrates are called polysaccharides

  12. Polysaccharides Glucose monomer Starch granules in potato tuber cells (a) Starch Glycogen Granules In muscle tissue (b) Glycogen Cellulose fibril in a plant cell wall Cellulose molecules (c) Cellulose Figure 3.13

  13. Chitin (make up cell walls of fungi)

  14. II. Lipids • Lipids are hydrophobic (water fearing) • They do not mix with water • Examples: fats, oils, waxes and steroids • Functions: energy storage, insulation, hormones, and membrane structure

  15. Fats • Fats are made of • One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids

  16. Types of Fats • (butter, lard) • Animal source • Unsaturated Fats – at least one double bond • (olive oil) • Vegetable source • Polyunsaturated – many double bonds • (vegetable oil-vegetable source) • Saturated Fats -have all single bonds, so saturated with hydrogens.

  17. III. Proteins • Molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids (monomer). • Amino acid + Amino acid + Amino acid = protein. • 20 amino acids make up all the proteins. • Proteins (polymer) perform most of life’s functions • Enzymes: guide chemical reactions • Structural: keratin – hair, horns, claws • Energy: albumin – egg • Transport: hemoglobin • Hormones: insulin • Antibodies: fight disease • Poisons: venomous snakes

  18. Types of proteins (d) Transport proteins (b) Storageproteins (a) Structural proteins (c) Contractile proteins Figure 3.18

  19. IV. Nucleic Acids • Nucleic acids are long chains of subunits called nucleotides • Transmit hereditary information • Determine what proteins a cell makes • There are two types of nucleic acids • DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid • RNA: Ribonucleic Acid

  20. DNA

  21. RNA

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