Role of Hydrogen for Cameroon: Phase 2 Scale Up by Year 2020

1. Role of Hydrogen for Cameroon:Phase 2 Scale Up by Year 2020 Team Simple Green February 9, 2009

2. Overview • Background on Cameroon • Review phase 1 assessment: Bakang Village • Current energy flow • Scale up energy & water access • Phase 2, year 2020 • Distributed systems • Centralized/Grid • Cost comparison • Policy challenges • Conclusions

3. Cameroon Background • 18 million population • UN Human Development Report:1 • Ranked 144th of 177 countries • 40% population: wages < $1/day • 18% of children <5yrs are underweight • Emerging AIDs epidemic: ~810,0002 • Outbreaks of water-borne diseases3 • 50% of people with to potable water4 1 http://beta.wfp.org/content/country-programme-cameroon-2008-2012 2 http://www.who.int/3by5/support/june2005_cmr.pdf 3 http://copland.udel.edu/stu-org/ewb/projects/cameroon/downloads/files/507_Post_Assessment.pdf 4 http://www.inshp.org/conclusion/apr2006/The%20Participation%20of%20Civil%20Sociiety%20in%20Hydropower%20Development%20in%20Cameroon.pdf

4. Cameroon Background 1 http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-01-29-voa3.cfm 2 http://aida.developmentgateway.org/aida/SearchDo.do?sourcePage=countrySector&iso3=CMR&archive=0&sector=5600 3 http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/hipc.htm • Government corruption issues 1 • Political dissent faces extrajudicial execution, arbitrary arrest, torture, and unlawful detention • Freedom of the press significantly restricted • Political unrest & rioting in 2008, 100 people killed in a protest • Debt forgiveness & development 2 • Working for removal from Heavily Indebted Poor Countries list 3 • Energy poverty • 5% of rural population with electricity

5. Review Phase 1: Bakang Village • Role of hydrogen in bring water to Bakang Village: off-grid • 15 L potable water/villager/day • UD Engineers Without Boarders currently getting back from on-site PV installation for water pump • Analysis Compared: • Solar > Pump > Water Storage • Solar > Electrolysis > H2 Storage > Fuel Cell > Pump > Water Storage

6. Phase 1 Conclusions • Determined from the analysis: • # of wells, cost to drill wells, and well output (gal/min) are primary factors • Solar & Solar-Hydrogen scale similar • Post-analysis: Solar- battery = least costly when population > 2200

7. Phase 2 Objectives Current Energy Flows • Explore year 2020 hydrogen scenarios for Cameroon • Provide safe drinking water • Provide minimum electricity for rural population • Examine grid vs off-grid system • Characterize the policy challenges

8. Direct SolarWater Wells #1 Water Well Decentralized Solar Array • ~14 Wells/village • Pumping limited to 3 hrs/day • Water must be stored for later use • Many more solar cells needed • Since direct solarCFL light bulb unnecessary during daytime, • we will not consider this path

9. SolarBatteriesApplication #2 20W CFL Decentralized Solar Array Water Well Li-ion Battery or • Light bulb • 1 light bulb/household • 5 hours/day • Many solar cells needed 1 Engineers without Borders, http://copland.udel.edu/stu-org/ewb/ 2 www.compactfluorescentusa.com 3 Team Banana 4 www.solarbuzz.com • Water wells • ~14 Wells/village • Pumping limited to 3 hrs/day • Many solar cells needed

10. SolarH2Application #3 Water Well 20W CFL Decentralized Solar Array Hydrogen or • Water wells • 2 Wells/village • 24-hour pumping • Need to store H2 onsite • Light bulb • 1 light bulb/household • 5 hours/day • Need to store H2 onsite 1 Team Sun 2 http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34851.pdf 3 www.hgenerators.com 4 Center for Global Development, Desert Power: The Economics of Solar Thermal Electricity for Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, Kevin Ummel and David Wheeler

11. Centralized Transition 2006 2020 • Hydropower (57%) • Solar/Solar Thermal(23%) • Natural Gas (20%) • Hydropower (95%)1 • Petroleum – Diesel Generators (5%)1 + Petroleum for Transportation (100%) + Petroleum for Transportation (100%) 1 Global Village Cameroon, http://www.inshp.org/conclusion/apr2006/The%20Participation%20of%20Civil%20Sociiety%20in%20Hydropower%20Development%20in%20Cameroon.pdf

12. Centralized Electricity in 2020 • Increase in Hydropower by 78% • Initiated by government and Canadian company, ALUCAM, to power new industrial and urban growth1 722 MW1 + 563 MW1 = 1285 MW Build Solar Thermal Plant in Desert to Convert Solar to Hydrogen + Hydrogen/Natural Gas Pipelines to Villages + Fuel Cell and Local Grid connecting Houses and Water Pumps 0 MW + 390 MW = 390 MW • Use Existing Natural Gas Reserves2 to: • While Transitioning to Hydrogen Using Same Pipelines • Back up Electricity Generation in Case of Draught, Power Failure 0 MW + 2358 GWh2 = 2358 GWh 1 Global Village Cameroon, http://www.inshp.org/conclusion/apr2006/The%20Participation%20of%20Civil%20Sociiety%20in%20Hydropower%20Development%20in%20Cameroon.pdf 2 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html

13. Solar ThermalBatteriesApplication #4 20W CFL Water Well Centralized Solar Thermal Li-ion Battery or • Water wells • 2 Wells/village • 24-hour pumping • Need transmission lines • Light bulb • 20W CFL bulb • 1 light bulb/household • 5 hours/day • Need transmission lines 1 Team Banana

14. Solar ThermalH2Application #5 Centralized Solar Thermal 20W CFL Hydrogen Water Well or • Water wells • Centralized electrolyzers • 2 Wells/village • 24-hour pumping • Need hydrogen pipelines • Light bulb • Centralized electrolyzers • 1 light bulb/household • 5 hours/day • Need hydrogen pipelines 1 www.hgenerators.com, 2x$3.24 million/electrolyzer (water well cost), 5x$3.99 million/electrolyzer (light bulb cost)

15. Energy Efficiency Paths PV Battery PV H2 Solar Thermal Battery Solar Thermal H2 Sun Sun Sun Sun h = 15% h = 60% h = 60% Electrolysis Electrolysis h = 15% h = 70% h = 70% HVDC Pipeline H2 Storage h = 75% h = 99% Battery h = 79% Storage Battery h = 79% h = 90% Fuel Cell Fuel Cell h = 90% h = 70% h = 70% END USE END USE END USE END USE 5.8% 40.5% 22.9% 13.5%

16. 2020 Cost Summary Cost and path depends on whether centralized or decentralized system is desired

17. 2020 Recommendations Lowest Cost Village autonomy Lowest Cost x10 H2 scale available

18. Policy Challenges • Funding? • Africa Development Bank 1 • UN Clean Development Mechanism 2 • Overcoming government corruption • Need access, transparency and accountability • Distributed solar PV for water pumping allows rural autonomy • Major disruptors: • Climate Change and desertification • Region stability (Chad, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea) 1 http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/central-africa/cameroon/ 2 http://cdm.unfccc.int/index.html

19. Conclusions • Off-grid distributed solar-battery system for pumping water & electrification is the cheapest and offers village autonomy. • Centralized hydrogen offers a cost effective infrastructure compared to an electrical grid, but is 4x more expensive than off-grid

20. Thank You! • Thank you to IGERT, Dr. Opila, Dr. Watson, Mo Bremner, & Meghan Schulz and our other colleagues that worked hard to make this course enjoyable! • Team Simple Green: • Laura Cassels, John Bedenbaugh, Beth Cheney, Jeremiah Couey, Erik Koepf

21. Back Up

22. 2020 Centralized Energy Flow

23. Wind & Solar Viability • Solar Power • 4.81 kWh/m2 per day in Bakang area1 • Not subject to fossil fuel availability/prices • Environmental impact less drastic • Wind Power • Class 1 and 2 wind only1 • Only Class 3+ practical2 • Wind not viable power source in Cameroon 1http://na.unep.net/swera_ims/map2/# 2 http://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/s_offshore_potential9-29FINAL_2__255935_7.pdf

24. Electricity Needs • Energy Increase due to: • Population Growth (~2.56%/year)1 • Urbanization (~3.6%/year)1 • Industrialization (~3.5%, mostly by foreign companies)2 • Power to every urban household + Light bulb for every rural household • Clean water for every village 1 UN-Habitat, http://ww2.unhabitat.org/habrdd/conditions/midafrica/cameroon.htm 2 CIA World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html

25. Hydroelectric Energy • Hydro Power • 95% of Cameroon’s electricity already supplied from Hydro1 • Possible generation of hydrogen from hydropower and transport (trucks) to villages 1http://www.inshp.org/conclusion/apr2006/The%20Participation%20of%20Civil%20Sociiety%20in%20Hydropower%20Development%20in%20Cameroon.pdf 2 http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2041318 3 http://maps.google.com/ 4 http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7046 5 http://www.ieahydro.org/faq.htm#a5 Image: http://www.npower-renewables.com/kielder/index.asp

26. Fuel Cell Comparisons

27. GHG Emissions 1 Energy Information Administration, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/co2_report/co2report.html 2 International Riveres, http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/dirtyhydro_final_lorez.pdf

28. GHG Emissions 1 International Rivers, http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/dirtyhydro_final_lorez.pdf

29. Sources for cost analysis Trivial costs Storing/buying water Storing H2 (decentralized) Wiring on local grids

30. Phase 1: Cost Comparison The cost of drilling a well dominates analysis. Gallons per minute limted on wells, therefore store solar energy during the day. Battery storage wins over hydrogen storage due to higher energy conversion efficiency and thus less required PV installation, in addition to lower cost per unit of energy storage.

31. Options to Pump Water Solar Array Electrolyzer H2 Storage PEM Fuel Cell H2gas H2gas H2O H2O H2O Water Pump + Filtration Water Pump + Filtration