Violence and Brutality in Football

1. Violence and Brutality in Football • Unsurprisingly, the frequency of player injuries, on-campus student violence, and the growing commercialism of the game attracted widespread _____________from __________, ________, and ____________throughout the country. • Many university presidents aligned with their faculty members in ________ _________to the place of football on college campuses.

2. Violence and Brutality in Football • Led by Harvard University President Charles Elliot (1834–1926), opponents argued that college football ___________the _____of the student body by ________________and _________, encouraged habitual violations of the rules, and diverted time from a student's ________and daily life.

3. University of Michiganalumni team 1899(Courtesy of the Library of Congress)

4. Violence and Brutality in Football • By condemning the game's win-at-all cost commercial spirit and calling for moderation and reform, opponents argued that college football proved __________with the ________________ of _____________. • Some faculty members took their opposition of the college gridiron to the extreme by _________ __________ altogether. In the 1890s alone, schools such as Trinity (later _____), __________, _________, and _________abolished football for varying lengths of time.

5. Violence and Brutality in Football • In 1893 even U.S. _______________________ was forced to _______the year's Army-Navy annual football contest due to the game's ______________ ______________. • Fearing a student revolt, or simply recognizing the _________of the ________________ and ______________associated with the game, university presidents turned a blind eye to the evils of college football.

6. Violence and Brutality in Football • Future U.S. President __________________(1858–1919), defended the game on the grounds that it supposedly helped built the necessary __________ and ________needed for a new ________and ________lifestyle. • Based on a belief in ________________and its “___________________” ideology, many of the nation's leaders claimed that college football instilled the __________and ________________needed for ________men to ______themselves, their country, and the _______.

7. Geographical Diffusion of Football • From its roots and early development in the prestigious _____________ schools of the Northeast, college football spread to every region of the country. • Throughout the _______and the ______, college campuses caught football fever. In March 1892 a game between ______and __________even signaled the arrival of football in the ____________.

8. Geographical Diffusion of Football • ________large and small took up the game in part due to the ______of the _____________and in part as a means by which to emulate the powerful eastern institutions such as ________, _________, and ______. • The geographical diffusion of college football led to the development of ______________of play.

9. Geographical Diffusion of Football • While established ______________ relied heavily on their ________, budding _______________adopted an ____-______________style. Similar regional differences were witnessed in the ______, where schools developed their game around a ______, _____-__________ brand of attack. • The growth of college football throughout the country also led to the establishment of regionalconferences, the ____of whichwas the _________________(predecessor to the Big Ten),established in 1896.

10. Geographical Diffusion of Football • The power enjoyed by prestigious Eastern schools such as _____was gradually being threatened, namely by the __________of ________, _________, and ________. • Despite the rising democratization of thecollege game, footballremained a predominately ________________in the1890s.

11. African Americansin College Football • _______ ________ Were in the minority on both college campuses and the college gridiron, although a handful of talented black athletes played on some of the leading college teams in the nation. • The most prominent African American player of the day: __________________, a native-born Virginian and son of former slaves, who played for and captained both Harvard University and Amherst College in Massachusetts.

12. African Americansin College Football • He was chosen to Walter Camp's prestigious “______-_________” team in 92’ and 93’, and was later named the most dominating “___________” of the entire decade. • Other prominent black football players included: ___________________________________ and ______________