The perfect tenses Los tiempos perfectos

1. The perfect tenses Los tiempos perfectos

2. You have learned how to form past participles, and how to use them as adjectives and to express the true passive voice. The past participles in both cases had to agree in number and gender with the nouns being modified. • La puerta está cerrada. • Las ventanas fueron abiertas por el profesor.

3. You will now learn how to form the perfect indicative tenses and the present perfect subjunctive. • They are all compound tenses that use the auxilliary verb (helping verb) “haber” (to have) and the past participle, always ending in the letter “o.” • You will need to know the verb “haber” in the present, preterit, imperfect, future, conditional, and present subjunctive. (Previously, you learned the idiomatic forms of “haber” such as “hay” = there is/are. The perfect tenses are formed from the same verb using complete conjugations of “haber.”

4. Note that to have can be either a main verb or an auxiliary verb in English. • As a main verb, it corresponds to tener, while as an auxiliary, it corresponds to haber. Tengo muchos amigos. I have a lot of friends. He tenido mucho éxito. I have had a lot of success.

6. I have done the homework. (present perfect) • He hecho la tarea. • You had done the homework. (past perfect) • Habías hecho la tarea. (Hubiste hecho) * Imperfect is used commonly. Preterit is only used in literature. • He will have done the homework. (future perfect) • Habrá hecho la tarea. • We would have done the homework. (conditional perfect) • Habríamos hecho la tarea. • The teacher hopes that they have done the homework. (present perfect subjunctive) • La profesora espera que hayan hecho la tarea.

7. To form any perfect tense, use the following format: the verb “haber” conjugated in the appropriate tense + past participle of the main verb (always ending in “o.”) • NOTE: The past participle does not change in form when it is part of the perfect tenses; it only changes in form when it is used as an adjective and in the passive voice. • Clara ha abiertolasventanas. Las camas son hechaspor la criada. • Clara has opened the windows. The beds are made by the maid. Las ventanasestánabiertas. The windows are open.

8. In English, the auxiliary verb and the past participle are often separated. In Spanish, however, these two elements—haber and the past participle—cannot be separated by any word. Siempre hemos vivido en Bolivia. We have always lived in Bolivia. Usted nuncaha venido a mi oficina. You have never come to my office.

9. In Spanish, the perfect tenses are often used with the words ya (already) or todavía no (not yet) to indicate that an action, event, or state occurring or not yet occurring before another. • Remember that, unlike its English equivalents, ya and todavía no cannot be placed between haber and the past participle. Ella ya había salido cuando llamaron. She had already left when they called. Cuando llegué, Raúl todavía no había llegado. When I arrived, Raúl had not yet arrived.

10. The word noand any object or reflexive pronouns are placed immediately before haber. Yo no he comido la merienda. I haven’t eaten the snack. ¿Por qué no la has comido? Why haven’t you eaten it? Susana ya se ha entrenado. Susana has already practiced. Ellos no lo han terminado. They haven’t finished it.

11. In Spanish, the present perfect indicative (el pretérito perfecto de indicativo), is generally used just as it is used in English to talk about what someone has done or has not done. • It usually refers to the recent past. He trabajado cuarenta horas esta semana. I have worked forty hours this week. ¿Cuál es el último libro que has leído? What is the last book that you have read?

12. Present indicative of haber

13. ¡INTÉNTALO!Indica el pretérito perfecto de indicativo(present perfect) de los siguientesverbos. • (comer, vivir) Yo ________________________ he comido = I have eaten he vivido = I have lived 2. (traer, compartir) Tú ____________________ has traído = You have brought has compartido = You have shared 3. (llegar, estar) Ustedya _______________________ ha llegado = You have already arrived ha estado = You have already been

14. 4. (leer, resolver, poner) Ella ______________ ha leído = She has read ha resuelto = She has solved ha puesto = She has put 5. (decir, romper, hacer) Ellos___________ han dicho = They have said/told han roto = They have broken han hecho = They have done

15. 6. (ver, dormirse) Nosotros __________________ hemosvisto = We have seen noshemosdormido = We have fallen asleep 7. (escribir, abrir) Yo no____________ he escrito = I have not written he abierto = I have not opened 8. (correr, morir) Éltodavía no____________ ha corrido = He has not yet run ha muerto = He has not yet died

16. The past perfect for (el pretérito pluscuamperfecto) uses the imperfect of the verb “haber.” Only in literature is the preterit of “haber” used for the past perfect. • The past perfect indicates an action that happened prior to another action in the past. (had done/had happened) • The past perfect is often used in conjunction with antes de + [noun] or antes de + [infinitive] to describe when the action(s) occurred. Antes de este año, nunca había estudiado español. Before this year, I had never studied Spanish. Luis me había llamado antes de venir. Luis had called me before he came.

17. Antes de 2003, había vivido en La Paz. Before 2003, I had lived in La Paz. Cuando llegamos, Luis ya había salido. When we arrived, Luis had already left.

18. Past imperfect indicative of haber

19. ¡INTÉNTALO!Indica el pretéritopluscuamperfecto de indicativo (past perfect) de cadaverbo. • Nosotrosya (cenar) _______ cuandonosllamaron. habíamoscenado We had already eaten when they called us. 2. Antes de tomarestaclase, yo no _______ (estudiar) nunca el español. habíaestudiado Before taking this class, I had not ever (never) studied Spanish. 3. Antes de ir a México, ellosnunca _______ (ir) a otropaís. habíanido Before going to Mexico, they had never gone to another country.

20. 4.Eduardo nunca __ (entrenarse) tanto en invierno. se habíaentrenado Eduardo had never trained so much in the winter. 5. Túsiempre__ (llevar) unavidasana antes del añopasado. habíasllevado You had always led a healthy life before last year. 6. Antes de conocerte, yoyate __ (ver) muchasveces. habíavisto Before meeting you, I had already seen you many times.

21. In Spanish, the future perfect (el futuro perfecto) is used to talk about what will have happened by some future point in time. • The phrases para + [time expression] and dentro de + [time expression] are used with the future perfect to talk about what will have happened by some future point in time. Para el lunes, habré hecho todas las preparaciones. By Monday, I will have made all the preparations. Dentro de un año, habré renunciado a mi trabajo. Within a year, I will have resigned from my job.

22. Future indicative of haber

23. ¡INTÉNTALO! Indica la forma apropiada del futuro perfecto. • Para el sábado, nosotros _______ (obtener) el dinero. habremosobtenido By Saturday, we will have obtained (gotten) the money. 2. Yo ______(terminar) el trabajoparacuandolleguenmis amigos. habréterminado I will have finished the work by when (by the time) my friends arrive.

24. 3. Silvia ______(hacer) todos los planes para el próximo fin de semana. habrá hecho Silvia will have made all of the plans by next weekend. 4. Para el cinco de junio, ustedes ___ (llegar) a Quito. habrán llegado By June 5th, you all will have arrived in Quito.

25. 5. Para esa fecha, Ernesto y tú _______ (recibir) muchas ofertas. habrán recibido By that date, Ernesto and you will have received many offers. 6. Para el ocho de octubre, nosotros ya ______ (llegar) a Colombia. habremos llegado By October 8th, we will have already arrived in Colombia.

26. 9. Para las nueve, mi hermana ______ (salir). habrá salido By 9:00, my sister wil have left. 10. Para las ocho, tú y yo ______ (limpiar) el piso. habremos limpiado By 8:00, you and I will have cleaned the floor.

27. The conditional perfect is used to express an action that would have occurred, but didn’t. ¿No fuiste al espectáculo? You didn’t go to the show? ¡Te habrías divertido! You would have had a good time! Maite habría preferido ir a la ópera, pero Álex prefirió ir al cine. Maite would have preferred to go to the opera, but Álex preferred to see a movie.

28. Conditional indicative of haber

29. ¡INTÉNTALO!Indicalasformasapropiadas del condicional perfecto de los verbos entre paréntesis. • Nosotros ______(hacer) todos los quehaceres. habríamoshecho We would have done all of the chores. 2. Tú ______ (apreciar) mi poesía. habríasapreciado You would have appreciated my poetry.

30. 3. Ellos ______ (pintar) la casa. habrían pintado They would have painted the house. 4. Usted ______ (tocar) el piano. habría tocado You would have played the piano. 5. Ellas ______ (poner) la mesa. habrían puesto They would have set the table.

31. 6. Tú y yo ______ (resolver) los problemas. habríamosresuelto You and I would have solved the problems. 7. Ustedes ______ (vivir) en el campo. habríanvivido You all would have lived in the countryside. 8. Tú ______ (abrir) la puerta. habríasabierto You would have opened the door.

32. The present perfect subjunctive (el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo), like the present perfect indicative, is used to talk about what has happened. • The same conditions which trigger the use of the present subjunctive apply to the present perfect subjunctive. Present subjunctivePresent perfect subjunctive Espero que duermas bien. Espero que hayas dormido bien. I hope that you sleep well. I hope that you have slept well. No creo que aumente de peso. No creo que haya aumentado de peso. I don’t think he will gain weight. I don’t think he has gained weight.

33. The action expressed by the present perfect subjunctive is seen as occurring before the action expressed in the main clause. Me alegro de que ustedes hayan estudiado tanto esta tarde. I’m glad that you have studied so much this afternoon. Dudo que ella haya llegado a tiempo. I doubt that she has arrived on time.

34. ¡ATENCIÓN! • In Spanish the present perfect subjunctive is used for a recent action. No creo que lo hayas dicho bien. I don’t think you (have) said it right. Espero que él haya llegado. I hope he (has) arrived.

35. Present subjunctive of haber

36. ¡INTÉNTALO!Indica el pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo de los verbos entre paréntesis. • Me gustaqueustedes ______ (decir) la verdad. hayandicho I like that you all have told the truth. 2. No creoquetú ______ (comer) tanto. hayascomido I don’t believe that you have eaten so much. 3. Es imposiblequeusted ______ (poder) hacertal (such a) cosa. hayapodido It is impossible that you have been able to do such a thing.

37. 4. Me alegro de quetú y yo ______ (estudiar) juntas. hayamosestudiado I am happy that you and I have studied together. 5. Es posiblequeyo ______ (aprender) un pocoestasemana. hayaaprendido It is possible that I have learned a little this week. 6. Esperoque ______ (haber) suficiente comida en la celebración. hayahabido I hope that there has been sufficient food at the celebration.

38. Use the third person singular of haber + habido in the appropriate tense to express: • There has/have been • There had been • There will have been • There would have been Hay muchos problemas con el nuevo profesor. There are many problems with the new professor. Ha habido muchos problemas con el nuevo profesor. There have been a lot of problems with the new professor.