AP Human Geography Chapter/Key Topic #2…Population

1. AP Human Geography Chapter/Key Topic #2…Population

2. Key terms from this chapter to know. They are found in this presentation or within the chapter of your text. Agricultural density Industrial Revolution Agricultural revolution Infant mortality rate (IMR) Arithmetic density Life expectancy Census Medical revolution Crude birth rate (CBR) Natural increase rate (NIR) Crude death rate (CDR) Overpopulation Demographic transition Pandemic Demography Physiological density Dependency ratio Population pyramid Doubling time Sex ratio Epidemiologic transition Total fertility rate (TFR) Epidemiology Zero population growth (ZPG) Ecumene

3. Chapter 2…Population Demography is the study of population. Population Geography(Geodemography) is the study of everything about human population, including; density, distribution, fertility, gender, living standard, health, age, nutrition, mortality, mobility. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is the average number of children born to a woman in a country. To keep the country’s population at the same number the TFR needs to be 2.1 (Why 2.1? To replace each parent plus plan for some infant death.) The highest recorded TFR was 8.1 in Kenya in 1980, while the lowest is presently .80 in Italy. Immigration is not counted in the TFR. Some countries are trying to cut their TFR and population (China) while others are actually trying to increase their population (Russia). Why would they do that? What happens to your country if you have to few people?

4. Population distributionsare studies describing where people live in greater detail. Geographers often use colors or dots on a thematic map to show the population of a place. Some populations are grouped into clusters.

5. One of the ways to study population is to study the populationdensityof a place. Remember Arithmeticdensity(or population density) Agricultural density and Physiologicdensityfrom last chapter. (Is Egypt crowded or not?) The below map shows how the truth about the population of a place depends on which type of density you examine.

6. Is our world overcrowded?That depends on where you are looking. Malthus’s: “An Essay on the Principals of Population”is the first study of human population growth. This 1789 work predicted world wide starvation by 1850 because his statistics showed the Earth’s population growth was far faster than food production could feed. Was he wrong or just wrong about the date? Modern followers of Malthus are known as Neo-Malthusians. Population and scale: the truth about our Earth’s population problem is that there are different problems depending on the scale of the place we are studying. The population on a local scale may be far different than the problem at a national or global scale. Russia is under-populated, but Moscow isn’t.

7. Malthus: Theory & RealityWhen the population becomes more than the amount of food produced, we will face world wide starvation. Malthus predicted world wide starvation by 1850. Why was he wrong? Could he still be right?

8. One of the easiest ways to grasp the problem of population is to study the doubling timeof a place. The doubling time is the number of years it takes for that place to double in population. The faster a place doubles in population the more the population can be a problem. Afghanistan’s doubling time…..14.5 Uganda’s……………………………..26 Mexico’s………………………………41.2 India’s…………………………………..43.8 Canada’s………………………………175 The US………………………………...116.6 Germany’s…………………………….never The world’s……………………………61 This means that Afghanistan will need to double its jobs and its food production in just 14.5 years. The US has much longer time to increase what it needs for its population growth. Compare the US growth to Mexico’s. Can you see why Mexico faces more poverty than the US? Double its population in 41.2 years is a serious problem. Germany is losing population. Is that a good or bad thing? Who will be the future workers and consumers in Germany if their population keeps dropping?

9. Future population • Doubling time = 70 ÷ natural increase rate. The natural increase rate is the result of subtracting the death rate from the birth rate.

10. Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is the number of births per year per 1000 people in the country. Crude Death Rate (CDR) is the number of deaths per year per 1000 people in the country. Natural Increase Rate (NIR) is the % that the population grows per year. You subtract the CDR from the CBR. This does not include immigrants coming into your country. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is the number of babies who die before age 1. Child Mortality Rate (CMR) is the number of children age 1-5 who die. Life Expectancy is the number of years, on average, that people expect to live. This tells you a lot about a countries health care.

12. World-wide infant mortality rate. 2013

13. The World’s Population Growth • 0 AD 250 Million People • 1803 AD 1 Billion People • 1903 AD 1.6 Billion People • 1950 AD 3.0 Billion People • 1987 AD 5.0 Billion People • 1998 AD 6.0 Billion People • 2011 AD 7.0 Billion People Does it look like the rate is slowing?

14. Malthus’s Theory vs. Boserup’s: Economist Ester Boserup ( 1910-1999) disagreed with Malthus. She believed that man could improve food production and that the more the need, the more man would work to fill that need. Her theory is more optimistic about the future of man. She believed that: The higher the population, the more people were available to work on food production. The higher the population, the more machinery and industry would be put to work to produce more food. The higher the population, the more fertilizers and scientific improvements would result in more food production.

15. Population J-Curve • Who is correct about the future, Malthus or Boserup?

16. World and Country Population Totals: Distribution and Structure: 3/4 of people live on only 5% of earth's surface! Total: 6 billion on planet as of Oct. 12, 1999. 7 Billion in 2011 The four most populous regions and countries: REGION POPULATION COUNTRY POPULATION • East Asia 1.8 billion China 1.254 billion • S. Asia 1.2 billion India 986 million • Europe 750 million Russia 274 million • SE Asia 600 million Indonesia 206 million • NOTE THAT NEITHER N. OR S. AMERICA IS ON THIS LIST • N. America comes in 5th

17. Comparison of Total fertility rates with Infant Mortality rates: Look at the population situation in Niger. The average woman has 7-8 children in her lifetime and over 100/1000 babies die each year. WHY?????????????? Infant Mortality Rates How many infants die each year out of every 1000 born. Total Fertility Rates The average number of children born to a woman in her lifetime. • Notice that places with high TFRs tend to have high IMRs and that places with low TFRs have low IMRs.

18. Quiz yourself #1: ______________ predicted worldwide starvation by 1850. The average number of children born to a woman in her lifetime…A) CMR B) TFR C) IMR D) NIR Subtracting the CDR from the CBR gives you the…A) NIR B) TFR C) ABR D) Population curve E) none of these The truth about our Earth’s population problem is that there are different problems depending on the ______ of the place we are studying. A) culture B) position C) poverty D) scale E) NIR To keep a country’s population level, the country needs a TFR that is _______. A) level B) constant C) under 2 D) 2.1 E) over 4 ____________ is the number of years it takes a country to double its population. Three out of every four people on planet Earth live on ____% of the Earth’s surface. A) 10 B) 6 C) 50 D) 5 E) 75 True of false, the entire Earth has a overpopulation problem. The number of babies who die between age 1-5 is known as…A) Infant Mortality rate B) ABR C) Crude Mortality rate D) Child Mortality rate E) CBR Boserup’s theory says that mankind will…

19. Quiz yourself #1 answer key: Malthus B A D D Doubling time 5 False D Boserup believed that man will overcome any food shortage problem through better science, machinery, technology and hard work.

20. A diagram of the demographic transition model, including stage 5 The demographic transition (DT) is the transition from high The Demographic Transition Model (DTM): a scientific model used to explain how medical advances lead to economic and social improvement in a country. This model explains how a country ‘s population growth changes over time and that as the population growth changes, so does the country’s economic development. Every country was at one time in stage 1. No country is in stage 1 today. Country’s in stage 4 and 5 are rich and powerful today.

21. What do the stages show? Stage 1-Low population growth because the high birth rate is canceled by the high death rate. This was the ancient world with a lack of real medical knowledge. From 1 AD to 1650 the Earth’s population grew very slowly to only about 500 million. Stage 2- High population growth stage because better medical ability lowered the death rate but the birth rate remained high. Countries in this stage have a population explosion going on. This stage really started with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 1700’s. Not all countries moved into this stage at the same time as the Industrial Revolution (IR) didn’t diffuse worldwide quickly. Most of the world has moved through this stage (the US did by 1890). Those countries that are in this stage are LEDC’s (Less Economically Developed Countries) which are still trying to catch up with the modern world economies (the MEDC’s or More Economically Developed Countries). LEDC’shave little money for anything beyond family care and migration from/within their country is common.

22. Stage 3- Moderate population growth stage because the birth rate has dropped closer to the death rate. This shows that the people have chosen to lower their birth rate. This happens for several reasons: • Women working in jobs often delay marriage and childbearing • Better medical care reduced the need to have many children. • Countries in this stage have become more urban with factory/business jobs • instead of farming jobs. Children were useful on the farm but not so useful in • factories/businesses. • The advent of contraceptives has changed child production. • A country in stage 3 will begin to develop better economic growth because less • money will have to be spent on the young children. • Stage 4- Low population growth stage because the birth rate has fallen very close to the death rate. A country in this stage is often a MEDC (More Economically Developed Country) as they have a high economic development and are enjoying the “Demographic Dividend” of a lower population.

23. The Demographic Dividendis the economic boom a family gets from not having to spend money on children. This money can be spent on other things (nice cars) which creates even more jobs in the country. The biggest population growth comes from immigration of people coming to these countries for jobs/better lives.This helps explain why so many immigrants come to the US. This stage often includes educated women who are very involved in the workforce. Can you name a country in this stage? (USA.) Stage 5- no growth or negative growth and aging. This stage has only existed in the last 15 years or so. In this stage the birth rate is lower or equal to the death rate. Their population is shrinking. Is this good, or a problem for a country? These countries usually have an aging population as they have the money, and better medical care to help people live longer, but what happens to them in the future? Russia, Sweden, Italy and others face this problem today. Future population growth We can’t be sure but the latest evidence is that the world’s population growth rate is slowing.

24. Quiz yourself #2: Three-quarters of the Earth’s people live on only _______% of the Earth’s surface. A) 10 B) 18 C) 5 D) 25 E) all ______ is the average number of children born to a woman in a country. ______ predicted in 1789 that the world’s population growth was so out of control that mass starvation would happen by 1850. ______ is the number of births per year per 1000 people in the country. ______ is the number of children age 1-5 who die. ______ is the number of years it takes for a place to double in population. Stage _____ of the DTM has no or negative growth with aging. Stage of the DTM which features a high birth rate but little growth due to a very high death rate. Stage of the DTM where women become important for more than child bearing.

25. Quiz yourself #2 answers: 1.C 2. Total Fertility rate (TFR) 3. Malthus 4. Crude Birth Rate (CBR) 5. Chile Mortality Rate (CMR) 6. Doubling time 7. Stage 5 8. Stage 1 9. Stage 3

26. In truth, the world’s population birth rate is slowing, however just because the growth rate is slowing doesn’t mean a population problem won’t exist in the future. When you are at 7 billion people just a 1% increase per year is still 7 million people PER YEAR. Malthus could still be right. The top population expert in the world is the Population Reference Bureau at www.prb.org Population composition tells you a lot about a country by looking at the percentage of men and women and the percentage of young and old in the country. The % of men and women matter depending on the role of women in that country.(Do women get to work outside the home? Do they receive the same pay as men?) The age situation matters because of how much money has to be spent taking care of the young and old who are not workers. Population Pyramids are visual models used to show the population data of a given place. Ages are shown in 5 year cohorts with men on the left and women on the right.

27. Population Pyramids: A population pyramid is very useful in studying the population situation of a place. Males are always on the left with females on the right. Each step of the pyramid is a 5 year period. The first 3 steps of this pyramid (orange) are composed of children under age 15 who are considered to young to work. The middle portion (yellow) are working age adults 15-65) and the top (green) are age 66 and above and are considered to old to work. The under 15 and over 65 group are considered dependents who must be taken care of by the working age group. This pyramid shows the population of a country with a good population situation in that it has more workers than dependents. The workers will have extra money to spend which creates more jobs in the country. The next few population pyramid slides will show you different population situations, some of which demonstrate the problems many poor countries face due to their population distribution.

29. LEDC MEDC Developing country Relatively Developed country Developed country (poor) (rich) Less Economically Developed Country More economically developedcountry

30. The enormous number of children under age 15 is a huge problem for Guatemala. How do you feed this many? Where will future jobs for them come from? What does this do to Guatemala? Can you see why so many Guatemalans migrate out of the country? Where do they go? Guatemala is a stage 2 country.

31. Like many European countries, Italy has the opposite problem of Guatemala…to few children. This is a problem because where will the future workers, customers in the stores, and tax payers come from if Italy continues this population decline? Italy is a stage 5 country.

32. Why does East Lansing have such a strange pyramid with such a huge number of people in the 15-29 cohort? ( because it’s the home of Michigan State University and they have lots of college age kids)

33. The pyramid of the US shows that presently we have a healthy situation with more workers than dependents, although there is a large number of future retirees (the baby boomers) in the 45-60 age range with slightly fewer working age people behind them. Note the predicted 2050 pyramid on the right which predicts a very large range of dependents in the under 15 and over 65 range.

34. Unalaska AK is a crab fishing camp way out on the Aleutianislands. Naples Florida is a retirement community. Laredo Texas is a key point for immigration into the US from Mexico and Latin America.

35. World population pyramids for: 1965 2012 projection for 2050 It looks like the world’s population growth is slowing down, however it still is very high in the poorest countries on Earth.

36. Key Terms to know: Dependency Ratiois the number of people in your population which are either too young or too old to work and are dependent on the working age group. The poorest countries have the biggest dependency ratio. Disease is a large population problem. Diseases like AIDS cause enormous problems for many countries. In 2002 over 25% of the 15-49 age group in Zimbabwe were infected with AIDS. How does this add to the poverty in Zimbabwe? Sick workers can’t work. The poor spend what little they have on medicine (if they can get it). The country is ravaged by AIDS Chronic diseasesare diseases of old age. They are now the #1 killers on the planet. Two hundred years ago we died of diarrhea, pneumonia and simple infections. Today’s top killers are things we didn’t use to live long enough to get; cancer, heart disease, stroke and lung ailments.

37. The number of people who test positive for AIDS in Botswana is staggering. They didn’t cause it but it is destroying their population. Note that in one area of the country 40% of the pregnant women test positive for AIDS. Most of their babies will be born with it. (In their blood)

38. Epidemiologic Transition (ET):An important part of the Demographic Transition (DT) is the death rate. The ET looks for the causes of the deaths in each stage of the DT. In stage 1 of the DT there are lots of birth and death. The death comes from a society which doesn’t have basic medical care and/or lots of disease or war. Pandemics kill millions. In stage 2 better medical care has reduced the death rate so the population soars. Pandemics are reduced. In stages 3 and 4 other diseases take the place of the pandemics. Chronic disorders reduce the population of mostly older people who wouldn’t have lived that long back in stage 1 or 2. The US, with all its medical care and money, has a higher crude death rate than many poor countries because of age. Expansive population policies and eugenic population policies:In the last 100 years governments have gotten involved in population. Some governments have tried to encourage population growth through tax benefits or money incentives. Reasons were: 1. To increase their population for ideological reasons. 2. Because their populations were aging and a younger group was needed.

39. In the past some governments have tried to favor one racial or cultural group by increasing the birth rate of the chosen group and curtailing the growth of another (NAZI Germany). This is called Eugenics. Do you think governments should decide who can have children and who can’t? Restrictive population policies and Genocide: Some countries have tried to cut back population through means that range from free birth control to a ban on producing children. (China’s famous “One Child” policy 1990-today). Some even murder those considered to be inferior. Hundreds of cases of genocide can be found in human historyand it happens today. China has an enormous number of abortions of females because males are considered more important. Trying to control your population has many problems. Sweden tried to raise its population in the 1990s through government payments for parents to have children, time off for parents, and other incentives. While the birth rate briefly shot up, it soon returned to a lower level (as soon as the government stopped the payments) and Sweden began having a problem with schools… In 2007 Sweden had 130,000 high school graduates; by 2010 it dropped to 75,000. They had to close some schools and fire some teachers. Was this attempt to boost the Swedish population a success? Was it wise in the first place? Russia and a few other countries are trying things like this today.

40. China’s new advertisements for their one child policy: Please take a moment and visit this website. http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/china-soften-one-child-policy-slogans-not-law-200726036.html

41. Religion and culture also play a big role in population levels. The Catholic Church forbids birth control... (Strangely one of the countries with the lowest birth rate is Italy?)…and culture groups such as Hindu’s in India believe that if a woman gets pregnant it is because she was supposed to and you should do nothing to stop or prevent it. The need among many of the world’s poor to have many children for farm labor also contributes to the difficulty to lower birth rates. If your country has a high IMR or CMR you need to produce many children to insure that some reach adulthood for work. In many poor countries, children are the retirement plan for the adults. People living in a country with a high IMR or CMR will feel the need to produce many children to insure that some of them reach adulthood to take care of them in their old age. Neo-Malthusians: Those who believe Malthus was/is right. But the date isn’t known.

42. The role of culture in population growth: Within many cultures there has been a centuries old system for the men to have the key role of ownership and power and for women to be mainly the source for children. Arranged marriages, lack of women’s rights and women’s unequal standing in the community has been the norm within many societies. Men had the jobs, men were more educated, and men held the power. This view continues in many LEDC countries today. A very important point to understand is that when women are more important to the family as workers, they will be seen as more than baby making machines. When women can bring in money to the family the family will not want the woman to be tied down with many children to take care of. Note that in the “western” MEDC countries, there are fewer children born in a family. This is largely because the woman is seen as an equal partner in the overall economy of the family. Remember that a family with fewer children will have a better chance of enjoying the demographic dividend of having more money to spend on more items for the family. This increases the spending on items such as cars which in turn creates more jobs in the society. More money spent on items other than food, creates more jobs which then creates more wealth within the country. Less money spent on non food items means there will be fewer jobs in that country. Having a large number of children to feed reduces the money the family has available for other things and keeps the economy at a lower level of prosperity. There is a direct relationship between the number of dependents in a country and the prosperity (or lack there of) that the country enjoys.

43. Solutions to Population Growth: • Education; Especially for women. This leads to jobs. • Birth Control; Free or low cost. • Socialization; Women become valuable for more than baby making machines. • Abortion; Is it morally right? • Sterilization; Is it morally right? • Government mandate; Can they be trusted to make the right decisions? China? NAZI’s? • Population redistribution; Migration. • Religion; Often violates religious beliefs.

44. Out of every 1000 women age 15-19, how many give birth each year?

45. The End of chapter 2.

46. APHUG Chapter 2 Test These questions come from a combination of our slides, your text book, and common knowledge you should have discussed in your AP classroom. 1. The number of males per hundred females in the population is known as the …A) Gender density B) MFR C) sex ratio D) Gender related ratio E) GDP 2. The world's largest concentration of people is located in…A) China B) Europe C) S. America D) East Asia E) India 3. The basic reason that Malthus was wrong in his prediction of world famine in the 1800’s was…A) he picked the wrong dates B) he didn’t know about the Industrial Revolution’s effect on food production C) he didn’t account for the natural decrease rate. D) his math was faulty 4. A decline in a country's crude birth rate would result in an increase in the country's…A) doubling time B) sex ratio C) DTN stage D) IMR E) CMR 5. For every 1,000 babies born in Mozambique this year, nearly 150 of them will die before they reach their first birthday. The rate of 150 deaths per 1,000 births is known as the…A) child mortality rate B) crude birth rate C) infant mortality rate D) life expectancy E) none of these 6. A country with a large amount of arable land and a small number of farmers will have a…A) low physiological density. B) high agricultural density. C) low agricultural density. D) high physiological density. 7. If the physiological density is much larger than the arithmetic density, then a country has…A) inefficient farmers. B) a small percentage of land suitable for agriculture. C) too many people for the available resources. D) a large number of farmers. 8. The percentage of people who are too young or too old to work in a society is the…A) dependency rate B) bottom cohort of a population pyramid C) key reason for poverty D) normally 50% of the population E) both B and D 9. Physiological density is the number of… A) acres of farmland. B) farmers per area of farmland. C) persons per area suitable for agriculture. D) people per area of land 10. India's most controversial family planning program has been to… A) allocate housing on the basis of one child per family. B) sterilize people. C) prohibit marriage until age 27 for men and age 25 for women. D) legalize abortions.

47. 11. The low rate of contraceptive use in Africa reflects the region's…A) improving education of women.B) low status of women. C) rapid diffusion of contraceptives D) all the above 12. More developed countries moved from Stage 1 to Stage 2 of the demographic transition 200 years ago in part because of…A). invention of new technology.B) people moving to cities.C) women choosing to enter the labor force. D) the agricultural revolution 13. Country X has a crude birth rate of 40 and a crude death rate of 15, while Country Y has a crude birth rate of 20 and a crude death rate of 9. Which country has a higher natural increase rate?A) Country XB) Country YC) The rate is the same in both countries.D) The rate can't be computed. 14. The highest natural increase rates are found in countries in which stage of the demographic transition?A) Stage 1B) Stage 2C) Stage 3D) Stage 4 • The lowest crude birth rates are found in countries in which stage of the demographic transition?A) Stage 1B) Stage 2C) Stage 3D) Stage 4 • The highest crude death rates are found in countries in which stage of the demographic transition?A) Stage 1B) Stage 2C) Stage 3D) Stage 4 17. India and the United Kingdom have approximately the same arithmetic density. From this we can conclude that the two countries have the same…A) number of people per area of land.B) pressure placed by people on the land to produce food.C)level of output per farmer. D) all the above 18. The medical revolution has been characterized byA) development of new inventions. B) diffusion of medical practices. C) invention of new medicines. D) increased agricultural productivity 19. The average number of births women bear in their lifetimes is…A) crude birth rate.B) crude death rate.C) total fertility rate. D) natural increase rate 20. One important feature of the world's population with the most significant future implications is that…A) the most rapid growth is occurring in the less developed countries. B) it is increasing more slowly than in the past.C) there are more people alive in the world now than at any time in the past. D) people are uniformly distributed across Earth.

48. 21. The world's population is clustered in five regions. Which of the following is not one of these five regions? A) Sub-Saharan Africa B) Western Europe C) East Asia D) Southeast Asia 22. Thomas Malthus concluded that…A) moral restraint was producing lower crude birth rates B) population increased arithmetically while food production increased geometrically. C) the world's rate of population increase was higher than the development of food supplied D) population growth was outpacing available resources in every country. 23. The shape of a country's population pyramid is determined primarily by its A) crude death rate. B) dependency rate. C) sex ratio. D) crude birth rate. 24. The world's population in 1995 was approximately 6 billion and was expected to reach 12 billion in approximately 45 years. The period of 45 years is known as A) doubling time. B) life expectancy. C) natural increase rate. D) overpopulation. 25. Costa Rica has a lower crude death rate than Sweden because Costa Rica A) has a milder climate B) has more hospitals per person. C) has a lower percentage of elderly people.. D) is in Stage 4 of the demographic transition. 26. Life expectancy is lowest in A) Africa. B) Asia. C) North America D) Western Europe . 27. Country X has a crude birth rate of 40 and a crude death rate of 15. In what stage of the demographic transition is this X in? A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2 C) Stage 3 D) Stage 4 28. The total number of live births per year per 1,000 people in a society is the A) crude birth rate. B) life expectancy rate. C) natural increase rate. D) total fertility rate. 29. The most populous country in the world is A) China. B) Russia. C) Java. D) India 30. Land suited for agriculture is called A) population density. B) arable land. C) agricultural density. D) physiological density

49. 31. Which of the following rates are not typically found to be low in less developed countries?A) infant mortality rate B) crude birth rateC) crude death rate D) natural increase rate 32. Among world countries, the spread between the highest and lowest crude death rates is ________ than the spread between the highest and lowest crude birth rates.A) lessB) the same asC) more related to income D) greater 33. China's one child policy has resulted in a substantial decline in all but which of the following?A) crude birth rateB) total fertility rate C) natural increase rate D) doubling time 34. In contrast to the experience of more developed countries, less developed countries entered Stage 2 of the demographic transition through A) diffusion of medical technology from other countries. B) creation of higher levels of wealth. C) diffusion of the Industrial Revolution. D) profound changes in their economic and social systems. 35. Rapidly declining crude death rates are found in which stage of the demographic transition?A) Stage 1B) Stage 2C) Stage 3D) Stage 4 36. Of the following four countries, the highest natural increase rate is found in • Colombia.B) Denmark.C) Uganda. D) China. 37. Of the following four countries, the lowest crude birth rate is found in • Colombia.B) Denmark.C) Uganda. D) China. 38. Geographers define overpopulation asA) too many people compared to resources. B) too many people in the world.C) Too many people in a region.D) all of the above 39. Human beings avoid all but which of these regions?A) cold landsB) dry landsC) warm landsD) wet lands 40. The annual global population growth rate increased approximately ten thousand years ago because of theA) Industrial Revolution B) agricultural revolution.C) demographic transition.D) medical revolution. E) Ice Age

50. The following questions are written at the high school level. You will find some questions from part one often rewritten here. This is all designed to help you transition to the college/AP style of written questions. 41. The basic reason that Malthus was wrong in his prediction of world famine in the 1800’s was A) he picked the wrong dates B) he didn’t know about the Industrial Revolution’s effect on food production C) he didn’t account for the natural decrease rate. D) his math was faulty 42. The low rate of contraceptive (birth control) use in Africa reflects the region's…A) improving education of women. B) low status of women. C) rapid diffusion of contraceptives D) all the above 43. Country X has a crude birth rate of 40 and a crude death rate of 15, while Country Y has a crude birth rate of 20 and a crude death rate of 9. Which country has a higher natural increase rate? A) Country X B) Country Y C) The rate is the same in both countries. D) The rate can't be computed. 44. The lowest crude birth rates are found in countries in which stage of the demographic transition? A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2 C) Stage 3 D) Stage 4 45. The average number of births women bear in their lifetimes is… A) crude birth rate. B) crude death rate. C) total fertility rate. D) natural increase rate 46. The world's population in 1995 was approximately 6 billion and was expected to reach 12 billion in approximately 45 years. The period of 45 years is known as A) doubling time. B) life expectancy. C) natural increase rate. D) overpopulation. 47. Costa Rica has a lower crude death rate than Sweden because Costa Rica A) has a milder climate B) has more hospitals per person. C) has a lower percentage of elderly people.. D) is in Stage 4 of the demographic transition. 48. Country X has a crude birth rate of 40 and a crude death rate of 15. In what stage of the demographic transition is this X in? A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2 C) Stage 3 D) Stage 4 49. China's one child policy has resulted in a substantial decline in all but which of the following? A) crude birth rate B) total fertility rate C) natural increase rate D) doubling time 50. ______ is the average number of children born to a woman in a country. A) IMR B) TFR C) CBR D) CMR E) MDC 51. ______ is the number of children age 1-5 who die. A) IMR B) CRB C) TFR D) CMR D) CDR