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Muscles

Muscles.

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Muscles

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  1. Muscles

  2. Muscles Functional anatomy of the Upper Limb- trapezius: attached to scapula and axial skeleton. Due to muscle shape it is capable of moving bones in several directions.- Deltoid: Over shoulder- Bicep brachii: bends forearm at the elbow- Tricepbrachii: extends forearm - Brachialis: beneath bicep, flexes forearm.- Brachioradialis: In forearm, flexing of wrist

  3. Muscles Functional anatomy of the Upper Limb

  4. Muscles Functional anatomy of the Lower Limb- Generally bulkier and more powerful than upper limb but allow less freedom of movement- Gluteal muscles: from pelvis to femur. (largest is gluteus maximus)Three main muscle groups: 1) Hamstrings: bend leg at knee, extend thigh backwards (back of leg)2) Quadriceps: strong extensors of knee joint (front of leg)3) Adductors; move thigh towards centre line, antagonistic to gluteal muscles

  5. Muscles Functional anatomy of the Lower Limb - Lower leg: Gastrocnemius: More prominent section of ‘calf’- Soleus: supports gastrocnemius, points toes down- Calcanean(Achilles) tendon: attached to heel bone- Anterior tibialis: bends foot forwards -for striding gait (front of far lower leg)- Posterior tibialis: support for longitudinal arch (back of extreme lower leg)

  6. Muscles Functional anatomy of the Lower Limb

  7. Muscles Fitness and Exercise- Improve muscular strength, endurance & flexibility.Strength: force muscular group can exert against a resistance in one effortEndurance: contract repeatedly or sustain contraction over a period of timeFlexibility: Range of movement about a joint- Improves Cardiorespiratory endurance (heart rate/capacity)- Increased High-density lipoprotein (LDH) in blood (less plaque in vessels)- Lowers risk of Cardiovascular disease/cancer- Improve bone density/strength- Prevents osteoporosis, weight gain, depression- Atrophy: decrease in muscle size due to inactivityTo increase muscle size: muscle must contract to 75% of maximum tension

  8. MusclesDisorders of Muscle TissueParalysis:- Damage to spinal cord, loss of all sensation and voluntary muscle movement- Paraplegia: paralysis of both lower limbs- Quadriplegia: paralysis of all four limbsStrain: - overstretching a muscle or tendon Abnormal contractions:Spasm: sudden, involuntary, for short periodsCramp: involuntary, sustained contractionConvulsion: violent, involuntary contraction of an entire muscle group

  9. Muscles Disorders of Muscle TissueAbnormal contractions:Fibrillation: uncoordinated contraction of muscle fibres. (muscle can’t contract smoothly)Tics: involuntary spasmodic twitching of voluntary muscles. (often in eyelids, face muscles)Muscular Dystrophy:- Inherited muscle wasting disease.- Degeneration of individual muscle cells, leading to reduction in muscle size.- Increase in connective tissue- 2 main forms Duchenne (mainly in men), fascioscapulohumeral(both sexes)

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