Day 10 – Instability and a Great Depression lead to the rise of Fascism

1. Enduring Understandings • International conflict often leads to domestic changes. • Twentieth Century economic depression was global in scope and helped to fuel worldwide tensions. • 3. In times of crisis, people often turn to strong leaders in search of stability. • 5. Conflicts of the 20th Century were rooted in political and ideological differences around the world. Day 10 –Instability and a Great Depression lead to the rise of Fascism • Complete page 24 about the rise of Mussolini and the Fascisti – leave space for more info • As we go through the slides and video, fill in more info onpage 24 about the rise of Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany – which of the above Eus is/are illustrated? • Read page 26 about the horror of Kristallnacht • Complete page 27 about to compare 17th Century absolutism to 20th Fascism • Review for tomorrow’s test – remember: • Russian Revolution led by Lenin, Trotsky and Stalin, • Chinese Civil War and rise of Communist Party under Mao • Indian civil unrest against British Raj by Mohandas Gandhi • Mustafa Kemal “Ataturk” in Turkey, Reza Khan “Pahlavi” in Iran/Persia and Abd-al Aziz ibn Saud in Saudi Arabia • Great Depression • Rise of Fascisti in Italy and Nazis in Germany

2. Post-WWI • After WWI, Europe faced several economic problems: inflation, worldwide depression, instability of new democracies • These mounting problems lead people to turn to totalitarian leaders who promised reform and glory

3. Rise of Fascism • A political movement that stresses extreme loyalty to the state and its leader • Fascist leaders promised to revive the economy and restore national pride

4. Benito Mussolini • In Italy, fascism gains followers because of disappointment over the 1919 Paris Peace Conference (territorial gains), inflation, and unemployment • Mussolini promises economic reform and military power, becomes leader of Italian government (Il Duce) Fascism and How Mussolini came to power

5. Rise of Fascism Basic Features of Fascism- • Extreme Nationalism • Glorify Action, obedience, discipline • Loyalty to State Unquestioned • Loyalty to single dictator • Strict class structure • Anti-Democratic (greed/corruption) • Aggressive Expansion • Censorship • Control of private Economy leading to wealth for industry • Use of Legalized Terror In what ways is Fascism similar to Stalinist Communism? In what ways is it different?

6. Rise of Fascism Economic Policy- Preserved Capitalism, but with Government direction of Business, Labor, Agriculture, Trade and Culture. Social Policies- Absolute Obedience to State Women, pushed from jobs- place is in the home having babies Patriotism- Extreme Nationalism Strict Discipline Fascist Youth- teach the values of a fascist society~ indoctrination

7. Rise of Fascism The Economic Despair of Post WWI Europe enables Fascist leaders like Mussolini and Hitler to rise to power. Why? Both the German People and the Italian people blame the Treaty of Versailles for their problems. Why? Video helping to answer the above questions.

8. Rise of Fascism Benito Mussolini- Mussolini came to power in an age of chaos and discontent in Italy. High unemployment, weak government, floundering economy. Mussolini was a fiery speaker. He created the Fascisti party, calling upon discontented veterans and youths to support his objectives. Promises order. Seizing Power- through his terror organization “The Black Shirts”, he organized attacks on unions, socialists and other elements of society that threaten his rise to power.

9. Rise of Fascism Benito Mussolini appealed to much of Italy. Focused on national pride- restoring the glory of the Roman empire. In October of 1922, Mussolini was appointed Prime Minister by King Victor Emmanuel III because the chaos in the streets, mostly caused by Mussolini and his followers, needed to be put down. Hitler will follow this model for his rise to power, and in fact met with Mussolini during his rise to power. Mussolini proclaimed himself “Il Duce”- “the leader”. He limited the press, corrupted elections, used secret police, exiled and imprisoned political opponents

10. Benito Mussolini1883-1945

11. Rise of Fascism HITLER AND THE RISE OF NAZI GERMANY • Struggles of the Weimar Republic a. Germany’s first experiment in Democracy was blamed for all the troubles plaguing Germany- economic depression, having to observe the terms of the treaty of Versailles, etc. b. Structure of Government- i. Parliament/ Legislative Branch- The Reichstag ii. Executive Branch- 2 positions- President and Chancellor C. Unrest and Downfall of the Weimer Republic- i. Mired in Inflation and economic depression - Reparations, Dawes Plan, Great Depression ii. Treaty of Versailles hated by all Germans iii. Jewish People become scapegoats for Germany’s troubles

12. Adolf Hitler • Nazism (German fascism) • His skills as an organizer and speaker help him become head of Nazi party • Tried to take over Germany in 1922 Munich Beer-hall Putsch – the coup attempt fails • Mein Kampf set forth his anti-Semitic beliefs and his plans for conquest • Germany’s economic problems and fear of communism help Hitler take power legally, establishing a totalitarian state

13. Mein Kampf • A book written while Hitler was serving 9 months in prison • Hitler had been arrested and convicted for treason related to the Munich Putsch – the first Nazi attempt to take over Germany • The book describes the racist and anti-Semitic philosophy of the Nazis – promoting the idea of the German Master Race. • It also plots out his plans for spreading Germany and Nazi power over most of Europe

14. Hitler becomes Chancellor • Nazi-caused violence and unrest made people afraid • Nazis blamed the Communists • German voters made Nazis the largest party in the Reichstag • Conservatives and Nazi allies convinced President von Hindenberg to appoint Hitler Chancellor • Hitler then forced Reichstag to give him total power

16. Hitler’s Goals overviewas described in MeinKampf • Sought to create a “master race” of Germans, as all non-Aryan (misused term) races were inferior • Vowed to regain those lands taken from Germany after WWI • Sought lebensraum, or living space, for Germans; would conquer eastern Europe and Russia to gain needed territory • To regain territory, illustrate German superiority and improve German economy and employment, Nazis embarked on a massive rearmament plan, violating the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.

17. Anti-Semitism • Nazi ideology stressed that Jews were to blame for all of Germany’s troubles since WWI - Scapegoating • Laws were passed that restricted rights of German Jews • Kristallnacht Night of the Broken Glass

19. Elsewhere… • Numerous other countries fell to dictators, as democracy failed across much of Europe primarily due to terrible economics due to the Great Depression • Struggle between totalitarianism and democracy • Sign of things to come  Holocaust, WWII