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Basic Characteristics of People. Definitions and sources Ways of looking at personality MBTI Big 5 Locus of control Machiavellianism Self-esteem and self-efficacy Risk taking. Relatively Stable. Felt vs . Displayed. Definitions.
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Basic Characteristics of People • Definitions and sources • Ways of looking at personality • MBTI • Big 5 • Locus of control • Machiavellianism • Self-esteem and self-efficacy • Risk taking
Relatively Stable Felt vs. Displayed Definitions • Personality: “The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others” • Afffect: “A broad range of feelings that people experience” • Emotion: “Intense feelings that are directed at someone or something” • Moods: “Feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions”
Interaction of all 3 Factors Personality: Where From? • Heredity • Environment • Situation
Heredity Environment Personality Situation From Personality to Behavior Behavior
What is the MBTI ? • A personality inventory that assesses normal psychological functioning • A tool to help people in organizations: • The MBTI measures 4 scales:
Basic Principles • Individuals possess unique and different styles for the way they are energized, prefer to perceive their environments, make decisions, and how they live their lives • These different styles can be categorized into 16 basic styles or psychological types • Each type represents a set of strengths and weaknesses (situationally defined) • Each type needs its opposite
Extroverts in General • Are interested in the world of other people and events • Like to influence others and are easily influenced • Are joiners — enjoy lots of activity and noise — go along with the crowd • Are concerned about the image they project to others — others' judgments are important.
Extroverts at Work • Like variety and action — they are impatient with long, slow jobs • Act quickly, sometimes without thinking • Find phone calls a welcome distraction • Develop ideas by discussion.
Extroverts and Communications • Prefer face-to-face communications • Seek opportunities to communicate in groups • Communicate energy and enthusiasm — quickly, without long pauses to think • Focus of talk is on people and things in the external environment • In meetings, like talking before moving to conclusions.
Extroverts - Recap • Do — think — do • Blurt it out • External • Involved with people and things • Outside thrust • Interaction and action
Introverts in General • Are interested in what is happening inside their head — understanding their inner world of thoughts, ideas, and reflections • Often feel lost and lonely in large crowds • Don't trust others and are inhibited around most people • Are not easily influenced by other people.
Introverts at Work • Like to work alone, to work with ideas, and will work well on one project for long periods of time • Don't like to be interrupted when working and when working, find phone calls intrusive • Like quiet so they can concentrate • Like to think before acting; sometimes,don't act • Develop ideas by reflection.
Introverts and Communications • Prefer written over face-to-face communication • Keep energy and enthusiasm inside — hard to read • Think before responding and need to be drawn out • Seek opportunities to communicate one-on-one • In meetings, verbalize well thought out ideas.
Introverts - Recap • Think - do - think • Internal • Keep it in • Depth • Work with ideas and thoughts • Concentration, reflection
Sensing in General • Take in information by using their five senses • Are mostly concerned with the present • Are interested in practical matters • Don't trust hunches.
Sensing at Work • Seldom make errors of fact • Work steadily • Like things to be orderly, precise and clear • Like using experience, developed skills, and standard ways to solve problems • May distrust and ignore their inspirations • Like to present details of their work first • Prefer continuation of "what is", with fine tuning.
Sensing and Communications • Like evidence, facts, details presented first • Want to see practical realistic applications • Use orderly, step-by-step approach in presentations • In meetings, follow the agenda.
Sensing - Recap • The five senses • Practical • Present-oriented • Fact, detail oriented • Uses established skills • Utility, step-by-step
Intuitives in General • Take in information through a "sixth sense" • Are interested in the possibilities, in what "might be" • Are always looking ahead to the next idea • Often come up with hunches "out of the blue" and easily follow their hunches — good or bad.
Intuitives at Work • Like solving new and complex problems • Like to do things with an innovative bent • Often make errors of fact and are impatient with details • Prefer change — sometimes radical — to continuation of "what is" • Enjoy learning a new skill more than using it.
Intuitives and Communications • Global schemes, with broad issues presented first • Want possible future challenges discussed first • Rely on insights and imagination to provoke discussion • Like suggestions to be novel and unusual • Bypass agenda in meetings • Refer to general concepts.
Intuitives - Recap • “Sixth sense” • What “could be” • Theoretical • Novelty • Insights • Leap around
Thinking in General • Make decisions in a logical, fact-driven way • Often hurt people's feelings without knowing it • Organize and structure information to help in decisions.
Thinking At Work • Find it easy to be firm-minded and give necessary criticism • Can work in situations where people do not get along well • Like logical analysis to reach conclusions • Decide impersonally, without sufficient attention to people's wishes • Look at principles involved in a situation.
Thinking and Communications • Like to be brief and concise when they talk to others • Are persuaded by cool, impersonal reasoning • Wants pros and cons of each alternative to be listed • Can be intellectually critical and objective • Present goals and objectives first • In a meeting, seek involvement with tasks.
Thinking - Recap • Head, not heart • Logical • Objective • Justice • Critique • Reason • Principles • Firm, but fair
Feeling in General • Make decisions in a personal, value-driven way • Heart over head • Concern for others.
Feeling at Work • Work best in situations where people get along well • Avoid telling people unpleasant things • Enjoy pleasing people, even in unimportant things • Let decisions be influenced by own and others' likes and dislikes • Look at underlying values in a situation.
Feeling and Communication • Are sympathetic • Like to be sociable and friendly when they talk to others • Are persuaded by enthusiasm and personal information • Present points of agreement first • In meetings, seek involvement with people • Can be interpersonally appreciative.
Feeling - Recap • Heart, not head • Values oriented • Subjective • Mercy • Compliment • Empathy • Harmony • Compassionate
Judging in General • Like to have a planned and organized life • Like to plan their work and work the plan • Like to get things settled and finished • Make decisions quickly
Judging at Work • Set tight deadlines • Don't like surprises; like planned activities • Seek structure and schedules • Tend to be satisfied once they reach a decision on a thing, situation, or person • May not notice new things that need to be done • Sometimes resistant to change
Judging and Communications • State priorities and decisions clearly • Talk of purpose and direction, schedules and timetables • In meetings, focus on task at hand • Want advance warning
Judging - Recap • Planful • Regulated • Control • Settled • Run one's life • Set goals • Decisive • Organized
Perceptive in General • Like to live a spontaneous and flexible life • Feel closed-in by routines and schedules • Adapt well to change.
Perceptive at Work • Like to leave things hanging in case last minute changes are needed • Often second guess their decisions • Postpone making decisions and unpleasant tasks that need doing • Enjoy flexibility in their work • Tend to be curious and welcome new light on a thing, situation, or person • Feel restricted without change.
Perceptive and Communications • Will discuss schedules, but uncomfortable with tight deadlines • Enjoy surprises and adapting to last minute change • Expect others to adapt to situational requirements • Communicate options and opportunities • Talk of customizing and flexibility • In meetings, focus on the process to be appreciated.
Perceptive - Recap • Spontaneous • Go with the flow • Adapt • Gather information • Let life happen • Flexible • Tentative • Open
Problem SolvingUsing Type Preferences Sensing and Intuition Thinking and Feeling
SENSING (facts) INTUITION (possibilities) THINKING (consequences) FEELING (impact on people) Problem Solving Model
Sensing and Intuition • Sensing • What are the facts? • What exactly is the situation? • What has been done? • What am I and others doing? • How would an outsider look at this situation? • Intuition • What are the possibilities? • What other ways are there for solving this problem? • What do the data imply? • What are the implications beyond the facts? • What is this problem analogous to?
Thinking and Feeling • Thinking • What are the pros and cons of each possibility? • What are the logical consequences of each possibility? • What is the cost of each? • What are the pleasant and unpleasant outcomes of each? • What is the consequence of not acting? • Feeling • How much do I care about what I gain or lose in each alternative? • What are the values involved for each possibility? • How will the people concerned react to the outcome? • Who is committed to carry out the solution? • Will the outcome contribute to individual or group harmony?
More Implications of Type • Communications • Time management • Work style
Individual Differences - Big 5 • Extroversion (ambition, sociability) • Sociable, assertive, talkative, active • Emotional stability • Emotional, nervous, insecure, excitable • Agreeableness • Courteous, flexible, trusting, good-natured, cooperative • Conscientiousness • Responsible, organized, planful, persevering, willing to achieve • Openness to Experience • Imaginative, curious,original, broad minded