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ENGLISH HISTORICAL BACKGROUND for THE PRINCE & THE PAUPER. By Mark Twain. THE BATTLE OF BOSWORTH FIELD. WAR OF ROSES. Civil War in England fought between the House of York and the House of Lancaster Battle of Bosworth Field - Final battle of The War of Roses
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ENGLISH HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDforTHE PRINCE & THE PAUPER By Mark Twain
WAR OF ROSES • Civil War in England fought between the House of York and the House of Lancaster • Battle of Bosworth Field - Final battle of The War of Roses • House of York represented by Richard III and the white rose • House of Lancaster represented by Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond and the red rose • Fought August 22, 1485 • Won by the House of Lancaster, Henry Tudor
AFTER THE BATTLE • Henry Tudor was crowned Henry VII • He married Elizabeth of York to unite and reconcile the two houses. (One smart dude to stop the fighting by joining the two groups.) • They had three children: • Arthur • Margaret • Henry
MARGARET TUDOR • Daughter of Henry VII • Arranged political marriage to James IV of Scotland.
ARTHUR & CATHERINE OF ARAGON • Arthur was the first son of Henry VII • A political marriage with Catherine of Aragon was set up for him when he was 2 years old to unite England with Spain • Catherine’s parents were King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. (They sent Christopher Columbus on his journey to the New World.) • Married November 14, 1501 • He died at the age of 15 of consumption, diabetes, or the sweating sickness.
HENRY VIII & CATHERINE OF ARAGON • Crowned king in 1509 • Unprepared to be king because his brother was supposed to be king and he was to go into the church to become Archbishop of Canterbury • Henry VII wanted the alliance with Spain & offered his youngest son as a groom for Catherine
HENRY VIII & CATHERINE OF ARAGON • Although Catherine swears that the marriage with Arthur was not consummated, the Pope still had to issue a papal bull before Catherine could marry Henry. • Henry was 17 when he was crowned king and married Catherine. • After the first son died and several other miscarriages, they had a daughter named Mary.
HENRY VIII & ANNE BOLEYN • Henry did not like clergy in Italy making decisions for England. • This problem was compounded when Henry decided that he needed to divorce Catherine of Aragon so that he could marry Anne Boleyn (and get a son.) • Had “Greensleeves” written for Anne • At that point he separated the Church of England from the Church at Rome • Had a daughter Elizabeth • When he tired of Anne, had her beheaded.
Y Anne Boleyn 2nd wife of Henry VIII, mother to Elizabeth, beheaded
THOMAS CRANMER • Anne Boleyn introduced Henry VIII to him as a supporter of Henry beginning a Church of England. He became Archbishop of Canterbury and later helped Edward VI rule England.
HENRY VIII & JANE SEYMOUR • A very dull woman, different from Anne. • They had a son, Edward VI. • Jane died shortly after giving birth.
mo Jane Seymour, third wife of Henry VIII, mother of Edward VI
HENRY VIII & ANNE OF CLEVES • A political marriage with a German princess • He said that he found her unattractive, but married her anyway • Next day after marriage began to talk of divorce • Anne agreed probably because she knew she could lose her head otherwise.
HENRY VIII & CATHERINE HOWARD • Cousin of Anne Boleyn • Was promiscuous and beheaded
HENRY VIII & CATHERINE PARR • A widow, 31, when she married the king • Took good care of all 3 of his children • Favored reform in the church toward Protestanism • Ruled England well when Henry was away • Survived Henry & married Thomas Seymour • Took Elizabeth and her cousin Lady Jane Grey into her home • She and Thomas had a baby girl named Mary, but Catherine died shortly after the birth.
EDWARD VI • Came to the throne at the age of 9 • The first English ruler to be raised Protestant • Died at the age of 15 • Appointed Lady Jane Grey to be his successor to the throne to protect the Protestant changes that he had made • He is the Prince in The Prince and the Pauper.
LADY JANE GREY • Cousin of King Edward VI • Named by Edward VI to follow him as ruler • The Nine Days’ Queen • Her backers changed sides and decided to put Edward VI’s sister Mary on the throne • Lady Jane Grey lost her head
BLOODY MARY • Forced Lady Jane Grey from the throne and beheaded her • Daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII • In her attempt to restore Catholicism to England and to secure her own right to be queen, she killed many Protestant leaders including Thomas Cranmer, Hugh Lattimer, and Nicholas Ridley. • She married Prince Phillip II of Spain but never had any children before she died at age 42.
Bloody Mary – daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII
ELIZABETH I • Also called The Virgin Queen, Good Queen Bess, and Gloriana • Daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII • Reigned 44 years after her brother and sister • Solidified England for Protestant church in order to make firm her position on the throne • Forced to execute her rival Mary, Queen of Scots (remember Margaret, Henry’s sister) • She encouraged Sir Walter Raleigh and the sailors of her country to privateer the Spanish ships
ELIZABETH I • Her fleet of ships and the help of God with a storm held off the Spanish Armada, defeating Phillip II of Spain • During her reign, England surpassed Spain as the world power and became the greatest nation in the world. • She attempted many political marriages, but never carried through with any. • On her death bed, she said that her cousin James VI of Scotland should succeed her.
ee Elizabeth I – the greatest queen of England
JAMES I OF ENGLAND • James VI of Scotland joined the two countries and became James I of England. • He is most well-known for engaging priests to translate the King James version of the Bible. • Since he was a Stuart king, Elizabeth was considered the last of the Tudor rulers, only 5 in total. • He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots, the great grandson of Margaret Tudor, and the great great grandson of Henry VII.
James the VI of Scotland and James the I of England
