Europeans in the history of the world

1. Europeans in the history of the world The place of Europe in populating the earth

2. History of MigratoryMovements in Europe Peopling North America: Population Movements & Migration European migration across the Atlantic, beginning in the late fifteenth century, was not an anomaly within the European framework. For centuries prior to their arrival in the New World, Europeans had participated in extensive migrations throughout their continent and Asia. They were a mobile people, accustomed to the concepts of movement and migration. In many ways, the initial arrival in the New World by the Europeans and the advent of trans-Atlantic migration served to extend the migratory patterns that were already present in European society. http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/migrations/F2.html

3. The place of Europe in populating the Earth • Introduction • SinceAncientGreece to the mid18th c., Europeanpopulation 40 -140 m (x3.5) vs. World population 230 - 650 m (x2.8) • From the 19th c. Europeanpopulation increasesconsiderably greatmigratoryflows of people

4. I. Whatwas the role of Europe in populating the Earth fromAntiquity to the 19th century?

5. A. Regularphases of demographic expansion explain the successive migrations

6. 1st Phase 1. The colonization of the Mediterranean basin in AncientGreece and Rome

7. a. Role of the Greeksaround the Mediterraneansea (likefrogsaround a pond) : transferring of the city elsewhere(e.g. Nice and Agde)

8. b. Role of the Romans: conquests in the West and East and the creation of colonies (e.g; Nimes, Arles, Orange)

9. 2nd Phase 2. End of AncientWorld - 1000 A.D. new population movementsshakeEurope beforeitbeginsexpandingagain in the Mediterranean

10. a. Barbarian invasions lead to the fall of the Roman Empire

11. b. Advances of Islam, from the 8th c. A.D. hold back Christianity

12. 3rd Phase 3. 11th and 13th centuries: mostimportant Europeanmovementsoccurwhendemographicgrowthreappears Crusadesand Reconquista

13. Crusadesand Reconquista

14. 4th Phase 4. 14th Century: Black Plagueravages Europe between 1348 and 1352 marks a break by dramaticallyslowing down the fragile growth 25 M dead – 1/3 of the population

15. 5th Phase 5.Great discoveries of the Renaissance to the Colonization of other continents Discoveryof America (15th century) colonies in NorthAmerica, Asia and Africa

16. EuropeanColonization: severalconsequences • Setting up of colonies and slave trade • Building of Empires and civilizations (15th-19th C) • Exploitation of resources • Imposinglanguages, religion • Coherentsocietiesformprogressivelydetachthemselvesfrom the mother country

17. In the 19th century, the colonization of Africa and Asia has a political aspect and responds to an increasedneed for land due to the rapiddemographicgrowthsince the end of the 18th century.

18. Whatwas the role of Europeans in populating the EarthfromAntiquity to the 19th century? B. How canweexplainthisgrowth? • For a long period, limitedgrowth (book, p. 12/13) • Traditionaldemocraticregimecharacterized by a highmortality rate (famine, war, epidemics) and a highbirth rate to compensate

19. Change in 18th century: decrease in mortality rate due to agricultural technologyreducing famines and progress in hygieneand medecinewhichreduce the number of epidemics

20. Whydid population growth in the world and particularly in Europe increasesorapidly in the 19th century? • Population Growth Since the birth rate remainshigh, demographicgrowthishigh

21. Key term: malthus = malthusian, malthusianism Definition: demographicbehaviourwhichaims to limit population growth due to fear of scarcity of resources/wealth to beshared Malthus (English scholar) observed that sooner or later population will be checked by famine and disease. That the increase of population is necessarily limited by the means of subsistence, That population does invariably increase when the means of subsistence increase (and vice versa)

22. II. Europeanmigration in the 19th century Why do Europeansmigrate in the 19th century?

23. Why do Europeansmigrate in the 19th century? I. Multiple Reasons for Migrating • Related to industrialization A. In the 19th c, oldseasonal migrations and border crossing migrations continue • for agricultural purposes • Up to severalhundred km for harvesting • Migrations of skilledworkersincreasewithurban expansion

24. Why do Europeansmigrate in the 19th century? B. Industrialization of citiesfavorsrural flight, attractinginhabitants of overpopulated rural areas • Construction of farm machines destroys employment in the countryside. - People migrate first toward large citiesthenemigratetowardanother country (seemingly the onlysolution possible)

25. Europeanphenomenonwithmultifarious causes 1. Politicalmigrations develop - afterthe revolutions of 1831 and 1848 - Germans, Italians and Polesseeking refuge - Various states intervene to accelerate or hinder certain migrations - To avoidHungarianrevolts, AustriaHungaryguaranteesthe freedom of immigration in 1867

26. 2. Religiousmigrations due to persecution After1880, pogroms push Jews in the Russian Empire to emigrate Def: pogrom= a violent massacre or persecution of an ethnic or religious group, particularly one aimed at Jews. The term, of Russian origin, originally entered the English language to describe 19th and 20th-century attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire; similar attacks against Jews at other times and places also became retrospectively known as pogroms.

27. Why do Europeansmigrate in the 19th century? 2. Europe unequallyaffected by migrations Economicmigrations whichincreasewithunemployment e.g. Irish emigrationafter Great Famine

28. An emigration of poverty: Irish emigration in the 19th Century A. Ireland: Land of Exodus 1.Product of British colonization • Colonized in 17th Century by Great Britain and annexed to United Kingdom in 1800 • Population majorityCatholic to whomisimposed protestant colonizersfromEngland and Scotland

29. An emigration of poverty: Irish emigration in the 19th Century 2. A Poor Country which the Irish flee • Middle Ages: religious migrations of monks to evangelize the continent • Modern Era migrations for religious and military reasons (e.g. Barry Lyndon), 18th century for economic reasons • Up to 1815, around 11,000 people per year emigrated to Great Britain but also towards America • Between 1815 and 1848, 1 million Irish cross the Atlantic and 500,000 leave for Great Britain – Beginning of the “great emigration of paupers”

30. An emigration of poverty: Irish emigration in the 19th Century 2. A Poor Country which the Irish flee (cont’d) • Irish immigrants of first half of 19th Century : proletariats doing the hardest labor (terracing, drainage, building mining galleries…) (e.g. Erie Canal in Great Lakes region) • Vast majority wind up in packed urban ghettos – their arrival is very poorly viewed by the Anglo-Saxon population (in U.S. and U.K.)

31. An emigration of poverty: Irish emigration in the 19th Century B. The Great Irish Exodus (1845-1890) 1. Whydoesemigrationincrease? • From 1845-1854, around 2.3 M leave Ireland, more than 200,000/year for 5 yrs • PotatoBlight (foodstapleof Irish population) causes a famine whichleads to 1 million deaths and incites more than a million Irish to emigrate to the U.S. (the poorestflee to G.B.)

32. Potato Production during the Great Famine 1844-1857

33. An emigration of poverty: Irish emigration in the 19th Century • Emigration continues over the years, despite the depopulation of the Island

34. Due to a series of badharvests, evictionsmultiply, generatingnumerousdepartureswhichremainsignificantuntil the 1890’s. • eviction of 300 tenants by Mrs. Gerrard from the village of Ballinglass, Co Galway, on March 13, 1846

35. Arrival in Ellis Island, NY harbor • Ellis Island

36. An emigration of poverty: Irish emigration in the 19th Century 2. Irish Integration in U.S. society • Theyswell the ranks of urbanproletariats and their social ascension is slow • Poorlyviewed by Anglo Saxon Protestants whorejectthem • LikeItalians, the Irish are accused of threatening the basis of the American nation because of theirCatholicfaith (loyal to the Pope, Political Machines…)

37. Harper's Weekly, July 29, 1871: Thomas Nast, “Something That Will Not ‘Blow Over'”

38. Where the Blame Lies Where the blame lies, Hamilton, New York : Sackett & Wilhelms Litho. Co., 1891 April 4. chromolithograph. Cartoon shows a man holding a top hat in one hand and gesturing toward horde of arriving immigrants labeled "German socialist," "Russian anarchist," "Polish vagabond," "Italian brigand," "English convict," "Irish pauper," etc., at Castle Clinton in New York City. A scowling Uncle Sam leans against a building, at his feet is a sheet of paper on which is written, "Mafia in New Orleans, Anarchists in Chicago, Socialists in New York." The man (Judge) says to Uncle Sam: "If Immigration was properly Restricted you would no longer be troubled with Anarchy, Socialism, the Mafia and such kindred evils!"

39. Populateurbanslumscalledtenementswheremisery, lawlessness and poorhygienic conditions reign

40. Dilapidated Golden FlatsTenementslumhousing

41. Squalid Living Conditions

43. An emigration of poverty: Irish emigration in the 19th Century • Circa 1870 Irish immigrants have settled in large Northerncities (New York, Boston, Chicago); obtain social integrationthanks to trade union movement and political life (Democratic Party) • In 1880, New York electsits first Irish Catholicmayor • Somesuccess stories (e.g. Ford) • In 1960, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the first CatholicPresident descendant from Irish immigrants, iselected • Today 15-20 million Americans have Irish origins

44. New York City, Irish depositors of the Emigrant Savings Bank withdrawing money to send to their suffering relatives in the old country