ECOLOGY

1. Study of the environment an how organisms interact with it ECOLOGY

2. Ecological Organization • Place the following in order from largest to smallest: • Biome • Population • Biosphere • Species • Ecosystem • Community

3. Species • Similar organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring

4. Population • Same species living in the same area • Example : catfish in a pond

5. Community • Many species living in the same area. • Example: all the dogs, cats, trees, birds, humans in Pikeville

6. Ecosystem • All of the living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors in an environment • Examples: Biotic-plants and animals Abiotic-soil, temperature, sunlight,moisture

7. Biome • An area of characteristic climate and vegetation • Specific type of weather and plant life primarily based on latitude • Examples: Rainforest, Temperate Forest, Taiga, Tundra

8. Biosphere • All the life on Earth and the abiotic factors that help to sustain it.

9. Habitat • The place in which an organism lives. • Example: Tree, pond

10. Niche • An organisms role/job in the environment such as what it eats and where it nests

11. Autotroph/Producer • “Self –feeder” • Make their own food • Photosynthetic (contain chlorophyll) • Examples –Plants and plantlike protists like algae • Marine Environment makes most O2 • Chemosynthetic- archaebacteria • Examples-around hydrothermal vents, dead sea

12. Heterotroph/Consumer • Get their energy from eating other organisms • Examples: animals, decomposers, and some protists

13. Herbivores-eat plants • Carnivores-eat animals • Omnivores- eat both • Scavengers- feed on dead, dying, or defenseless organisms • Detritiphores-feed on dead plants

14. Decomposer/Saprophytes/ Detritivores • Break down dead organic material • Examples: Fungi and bacteria • The great recyclers putting nutrients back into the soil and atmosphere keeping us from being overtaken by wastes

15. Food Chain • A diagram that shows the flow of energy and matter through the ecosystem Arrows show the flow of energy through the food chain

16. 3 Major components of the food chain • 1. Producers are always at the beginning of the food chain because they have to convert energy from the sun into food for other organisms. • 2. Primary consumers eat the producers (1st order). • Secondary consumers eat the primary consumers (2nd order). • Tertiary consumers eat the secondary consumers (3rd order). • 3. Decomposers get their energy from all the above when they die.

17. Create a food chain utilizing the following items:Bacteria/FungiCarrotRabbitHawkSnake

18. Carrot Rabbit Snake Hawk Fungi and Bacteria

19. Trophic Level • Feeding level in the food chain. There were 5 trophic levels in our prior example.

20. Marine Food Chain • Place in the correct order: Bigger Fish, Phytoplankton, Smaller Fish, Zooplankton, Medium Fish How many trophic levels are there?

21. Energy Pyramid Producers are at the bottom of the energy pyramid. They have the most energy and have the largest population because they provide food and energy for everything else.

22. With each step up the pyramid, energy is lost by a factor of 10 because 90% of the energy available is used in daily activities or released as heat. • The number of organisms decreases because not enough energy to support more organisms • Biomass decreases as move up the food pyramid.

23. Food Web-series of interconnecting food chains

24. Biomagnification • Bioaccumulation • Toxins increase as they move through the food chain • Examples: DDT, mercury • Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring book about the effect of DDT on Eagle egg shells. The exposure to DDT through the food chain caused the shells to thin and crack causing the decrease in the Eagle population • http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module02/BioconcentrationandBioaccumulation.htm

25. Carbon Cycle-cycling of carbon between organic molecules and CO2 • CO2 from atmosphere for photosynthesis • Consumers eat plants to get carbon for their tissues. • CO2 returns to atmosphere through respiration, excretion, and decomposition • Burning of fossil fuels add CO2 back into atmosphere

26. Carbon Cycle

27. Nitrogen Cycle • Atmosphere 78% N2 but can’t use in respiration • Nitrogen fixers convert ammonia into nitrites • Nitrogen fixers live on roots of legumes (soy beans, peas) adding usable nitrogen to soil • Nitrifying bacteria convert

29. Water Cycle

30. Phosphate Cycle

31. Relationships between organisms in the community • Symbiosis- long term relationship between two organisms in community • Competition- two organisms have the same habitat and niche competing for resource • Predator-prey relationship

32. Symbiotic Relationship-living together, two different species • 1. parasitism- 1 harmed, 1 benefits • Example-tick and tapeworms-parasites; dog-host • 2. mutualism-both benefit • Example-lichen-algae and fungi;cleaner fish remove dead skin and parasites from fish for protection

33. 3. commensalism- 1 is benefitted the other is not affected • Example- barnacles on a whale Competition-organisms compete for limited resources like food, water, light, and space. It can occur between same or different species.

34. Predator-the hunter (lynx)Prey-the hunted (hare) Leopard, Hyena, Lion Your text here

35. Population Dynamics • Growth rate of a population= change in population number through time • Immigration-movement into a population • Example-birth rate • Emmigration-movement out of population • Example-death rate

36. Population Growth Curves • J-curve, Exponential Growth-starts slow and increases rapidly as reproducing organisms increase. (new populations, human population) • Eventually a population will reach a limiting factor like lack of food, space, water, etc • Carrying capacity is the total number of individuals the environment can support • S-curve, Stabilization curve (older populations)

38. Limiting factors • 1. Density-Dependant Factors- factors are influenced by the size of a population. • Examples- disease, food, water, space limits • The more organisms, the more impact these factors have • 2. Density-Independent Factors-not controlled or influenced by the population size • Examples-floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, forest fires, tsunami

39. Demographics- population statistics

40. Succession-replacement of 1 community by anotherExample-Field to Forest • Primary Succession- no soil only rock • Examples cooled volcanic rock, retreating glaciers • Pioneer Species -1st into area • Lichen holds moisture and weathers rock • Next bacteria, protists, mosses and fungi • Next weeds, herbs and grasses • As soil becomes available, shrubs and trees

41. Secondary Succession-Soil and seeds are present • Examples –fires , floods, abandoned farms • Pond succession-eutrophication • Rich with nutrients, lots of growth, reaches carrying capacity, fills in

42. The Earth is made up of interconnected biotic and abiotic Factors including the biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere.

43. Every organism impacts its environment • Humans overburden the environment placing the greatest impact on it Why do we need other organisms? Balance of food chain, Use them in industry, Medications

44. Hydrosphere- only 2.5% is freshwater • Most of the 2.5% is unusable because it is frozen in the icecaps • Humans require up to 13gallons a day for cooking, cleaning and drinking. This does not include irrigation and animal care. • Agricultural runoff leads to eutrophication destroying wetlands and acidifying rivers • Increase in metals like mercury from runoff causing biomagnification

45. http://www.riverlaw.us/fishkills.html Pfiesteria

46. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44946850/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/japan-tsunami-debris-spotted-course-hit-ushttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44946850/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/japan-tsunami-debris-spotted-course-hit-us Overfishing and pollution have led to the extinction of organisms

47. Lithosphere-land • Deforestation= clear cutting , urbanization • Agriculture-pesticides, growing only one crop year after year instead of rotating crops to replenish the nutrients in the soil, over plowing leading to erosion • Landfill space or lack there of • Paint, cleaners prescription drugs, batteries, grease etc. being disposed of inappropriately • Throwing away items that can be recycled or reused because to lazy to take the time to dispose of them correctly

48. The US Consumes 1500 Plastic Water Bottles Every Second, a fact by WatershedPetzScholtusScience/Clean WaterOctober 15, 2009 • Out of the 50 billion bottles of water being bought each year, 80% end up in a landfill, even though recycling programs exist. • 17 million barrels of oil are used in producing bottled water each year. • Bottled water costs 1,000 times more than tap water. Drinking 2 Litres of tap water a day only costs 50 cents per year. • Plastic leaches toxins into the water, which have been linked to health problems such as reproductive issues and cancer.

49. http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/tdc02_vid_btcorn/ • http://www.today.com/id/26184891/vp/51863808#51836205

50. Over use of natural resources both renewable and non renewable. • http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/27/hurricane-sandy-nc-outer-banks_n_2199391.html#slide=1810246 • http://wn.com/fracking_animation