Roadmap for Higher Education in India

1. Roadmap for Higher Education in India Pravin J. Patel

2. The Context Emergence of the Knowledge Society And Importance of University in the Contemporary World

3. Knowledge Society-1 Emergence of Knowledge Economy Production of goods and services based on knowledge Value addition in products through knowledge Knowledge - a crucial tool for economic development

4. Knowledge Society-2 More than 50% of the employees produce non-tangible goods More than 50% of the GDP is produced by knowledge industry

5. Knowledge Society Consequences of the expansion of the knowledge-based economy: Rich countries become richer Poor countries remain stagnated , or become poorer

6. Distribution of the world's GDP, population, research and development spending and academic researchers UNESCO Institute for Statistics. The State of Science and Technology in the World- 1996-97

7. The Case Of the USA

8. Role of American Universities • The real source of power of the USA is in its Universities • American research universities have been knowledge factories for more than a century • The century which is now known as the ‘American Century’

9. Role of American Universities • Most path-breaking research is being done which hugely contributes to the American economy • More than 60 per cent of the Nobel Prize winners of the world are Americans, mostly working in American universities

10. Role of American Universities Scientific Contribution of the American Universities Physical Sciences • Radar, Atom Bomb • Transistor, FM Radio, Automated Teller Machine (ATM), Global Positioning System (GPS), Bar Codes, Google Search Engine

11. Role of American Universities Biological and Medical Sciences • DNA, Stem Cell, Organ Transplant, Laser • Synthetic Insulin, Human Growth Hormone (HGH) • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Viagra

12. Role of American Universities Social Sciences • Opinion Poll, Survey Method, Concept of Human Capital • (Jonathan Cole -150 page inventory)

13. Role of American Universities • In 1960s 30,000 patents registered by the federal agencies of the US government • These were due to the research conducted at American universities with the government funding • In 1980 Bayh-Dole Act- assigning the intellectual property rights to the Universities

14. Role of American Universities • By 2006, nearly 700 new products introduced in the market were based on the research done in American universities • American universities earn billions of dollars from the revenues generated through their patents and intellectual property rights

15. The Case of Stanford University

16. Stanford University • Stanford registered three patents for their work in 1980, and since then earned more than 250 million dollars • Stanford University earned more than 100 million dollars every year on a number of patents registered by it in the 1990s

17. Stanford University • Stanford earned 336 million dollars through technology transfer, for the Google Search Engine, developed by its two Ph. D students: Sergey Brin and Larry Page

18. Stanford University • Since 1939 Stanford Universities 2,235 members have founded more than 2,454 companies • The companies included such giants as : • Cisco Systems, Google, Hewlett-Packard, Sun Micro Systems and Yahoo of the Silicon Valley • Silicon Valley is largely the creation of such companies

19. Importance of Knowledge Creation in Knowledge Society If the nations ignore research and innovative culture, they will remain backward If our universities will not encourage research and innovative culture we will remain backward University is the Mother of Knowledge Society

20. Where Are WE in the World Map?India in the Global Context

21. Indicators of Our Progress Towards Knowledge Society • Indicator One: Nobel Prize • Indicator Two: Registration of Patents

22. Indicator Three: Enrolment of Foreign Students • Indicator Four: Indian Universities in the World Ranking Systems

23. Shanghai Jiao Tong University Ranking, 2012 (Shanghai Ranking) 2011 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) Ranked top 500 academic institutions of the world Only one Indian institution: Indian Institute of Science, Banglore (301-400), not in top 300 (01- 300) China has 26 universities in top 500

24. /The Times Higher Education World University Rankingshttp://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2012-13/world-ranking Top 200 Universities of the World, 2012-13 Republic of Korea-04 (03 in top 100) Hong Kong -04 (02 in top 100) China -02 (both in top 100) Singapore-02 (both among top 100) South Africa-01 Taiwan-01 India? 00

25. Top 201 to 400 RanksTimes Higher Education World University Rankings (2012-13) • China 07 • Turkey 05 • Taiwan 05 • India 03 • South Africa03 • Republic of Korea02 • Hong Kong 02 • Saudi Arabia 01 • Iran 01 • Thailand 01

26. Road Map For Future

27. Positive Correlation Between Knowledge and Economic Development • American Economist, Robert M. Solow, established the fact that: • The growth of knowledge, with concomitant technological progress, is related to nearly 34% of the recorded the economic growth • He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics 1987 for this discovery

28. Knowledge is the Driver of National Development • Knowledge creation is necessary to solve our problems • Good quality research is indispensable for knowledge creation • India has to become knowledge producer, instead of being knowledge consumer

29. Role of the University There is a difference between further education and higher education University is the place for higher education: where research is promoted, originality and creativity are rewarded, dissent is institutionalized Original research is indispensable for knowledge creation

30. Three Role Models Role Model 1. Germany Modern research university is an innovation Of the 19th century Germany Up to 1806 Germany was a non-entity in Europe As in that year Prussia was the most humiliatingly defeated By Napoleon

31. Role Model 1. Germany In 1810 a new university was set up in Berlin which is now known Humboldt University It was the first research university of the world Later, most of the German universities followed the model

32. Role Model 1. Germany By 1939 i.e. beginning of the II WW: Germany was number one in winning Nobels, with nearly 45 Nobel laureates i.e. winning more than 25 % of all the Prizes Great Britain was the second And USA won only 11% of the prizes, ranking third

33. Role Model 1. Germany Due to the research work done in those Universities Germany’s economy developed rapidly and emerged as a powerful nation in the world by the 1914

34. Role Model 2. USA • Up to 1860’s the USA was also a non-entity • Thousands of the American students used to go to Germany and the Great Britain for higher education • But the USA adopted the German model of the research university since 1860’s and by 1930’s emerged as a powerful nation.

35. Role Model 3. China • Indian independence and communist revolution in China took place almost simultaneously, in the late 1940s • By that time Indian higher education was much better • C.V.Raman and Jagdishchandra Bose were world renownened scientists before independence, having no such parallel in China

36. Role Model 3. China • During the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s academic life in China suffered heavily • But in the last 30-40 years China made determined efforts to improve its higher education and create some World Class Universities, by promoting research and following the American model • As a result, now China is much ahead of India in terms of academic achievements

37. Comparison Between India and China

38. Times Higher Education World University Rankings (2012-13)Top 400 Universities China India 09 03

39. A Study of BRIC Countries, 2013 • Thomason Reuters/Nicky Loh Report , February 2013 Jonathan Adams, David Pendlebury and Bob Stembridge, Building Bricks: Exploring the Global Research and Innovation Impact of Brazil, Russia, India, China And South Korea, Thomason Reuters/Nicky Loh, February 2013

40. Number of Researchers in 2010 China and India Comparison China India About 12,00,000 About 3,00,000

41. Number of Research Articles Published in 2011 China India Exceeded 1,50,000 Less than 50,000

42. Annual Number of Patents Registered in 2010 China India Nearly 4,00,000 Nearly 3,000

43. Gross Expenditure on R & D as % of GDP in 2010 China and India Comparison China India Nearly 4% Equivalent to France and the UK but with a far bigger driver. Less than 1 %

44. Gross Domestic Product of India and China 1981 2011 • Both India and china had almost the same GDP • around 300-400 Billion US $ • China’s GDP almost 9000 Billion US $ • India’s GDP is about 4000 Billion US $

45. Growth in GDP • In terms of GDP China is now second only to the US • It is predicted by The Economist that Chinawill reach GDP parity sometime before 2020

46. Greater GDP Implies • More money available to invest in R&D • Greater innovation and competitiveness • Faster economic growth

47. Challenges Before India

48. Paradigm Shift Needed Indian universities need to transform themselves from ‘survival mode’ to 'developmental mode’ This can be done by increasing their contribution to development through (i) production and (ii) dissemination of knowledge

49. Funds + Academic Culture = Academic Excellence • Research is the function of two factors: Funds And Supportive Academic Culture

50. Urgency • Academic progress is to be telscoped • Access , Equity and Quality are to be achieved in a short time • To fortify our democratic and industrial society