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INSIGHTS INTO THE PAST MINERALOGY & FLUVIAL ACITIVTY OF MARS WITH WATSEN

INSIGHTS INTO THE PAST MINERALOGY & FLUVIAL ACITIVTY OF MARS WITH WATSEN. Tim Tomkinson S.D.Wolters, A.Hagermann, A.F.Bohman, A.T.Sund, J.K.Hagene and M.M.Grady. Orbital results. VNIR & IR spectrometers.

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INSIGHTS INTO THE PAST MINERALOGY & FLUVIAL ACITIVTY OF MARS WITH WATSEN

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  1. INSIGHTS INTO THE PAST MINERALOGY & FLUVIAL ACITIVTY OF MARS WITH WATSEN Tim Tomkinson S.D.Wolters, A.Hagermann, A.F.Bohman, A.T.Sund, J.K.Hagene and M.M.Grady

  2. Orbital results VNIR & IR spectrometers Observatoire pour la Mineralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activite (OMEGA) onboard Mars Express (0.3 - 1 km/pixel) Murchie et al, 2007 - Hot spring deposits at Mauna Kea - colours represent different phyllosilicate phases. Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (multispectral survey: 100-200 m/pixel) Targeted CRISM hyperspectral survey: ~18 m/pixel. Identified Phyllosilicates – Fe, Mg and Al bearing smectites, kaolinite, chlorite etc… Phyllosilicate detection – WatSen - Instrumentation – Test plan – Future missions - Summary

  3. Geological Martian history J-P. Bibring et al. 2006 Phyllosilicate detection – WatSen - Instrumentation – Test plan – Future missions - Summary

  4. WatSen • Instrument design • ATR spectrometer (NEO) • Optical microscope (NEO) • Humidity sensor (OU) • Instrument and Ground Support (Navsys) • Testing • IR database using commercial ATR spectrometer (OU) • Environmental chamber (OU) • Dimensions of trailing mole: • Diameter 26 mm • Length 158 mm • Mass: 180 g • Power average: 1.2 W (peak < 3 W) Phyllosilicate detection – WatSen - Instrumentation – Test plan – Future missions - Summary

  5. Design specifications Phyllosilicate detection – WatSen - Instrumentation – Test plan – Future missions - Summary

  6. ATR spectrometer 54 martian analogue samples have been measured • Wavelength Range: 5.5 to 10.8 µm The ATR sensor operates by measuring the energy changes that occur to the totally internally reflected infrared beam, upon contact with the sample, from stretching, bending and vibration of intra-molecular bonds. Evanescent wave typically penetrates to a depth of a few micrometers (μm). Phyllosilicate detection – WatSen - Instrumentation – Test plan – Future missions - Summary

  7. 1.2 Montmorillonite_3_02.06.07_ATR Montmorillonite_1_02.06.07_ATR Montmorillonite_2_02.06.07_ATR 1.1 1.0 0.9 Montmorillonite 0.8 0.7 0.6 Absorbance 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 -0.0 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 Wavelength (µm) Phyllosilicate detection – WatSen - Instrumentation – Test plan – Future missions - Summary

  8. 1.2 Saponite54285_3_02.06.07_ATR Saponite54285_1_02.06.07_ATR Saponite54285_2_02.06.07_ATR 1.1 1.0 Saponite 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 Absorbance 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 -0.0 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 Wavelength (µm) Phyllosilicate detection – WatSen - Instrumentation – Test plan – Future missions - Summary

  9. Spectral results IR spectra of powdered samples of Shergotty, Nakhla and Chassigny, along with a basalt, augite, olivine and dolomite. The spectra were acquired using an ATR at 295 K, and are offset for clarity. IR spectra of powdered dry basalt taken with a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) at 295 K and 268 K, and water-saturated basalt at 268 K. Phyllosilicate detection – WatSen - Instrumentation – Test plan – Future missions - Summary

  10. Optical Microscope • Magnification (centre, edge): 0.5x, 0.33x • Pixel size: (centre, edge): 7.2x7.2,~11x11 µm • Field of view (horizontal, vertical): 14.5x8.5 mm • Resolution (centre, edge): 18, 32 µm • Pixel count: 1316*1048 Phyllosilicate detection – WatSen - Instrumentation – Test plan – Future missions - Summary

  11. Humidity sensor Will be used to monitor the moisture in the subsurface surroundings of WatSen. Functional tests: • Temperature Range: >-60°C • Pressure: 5 mbar It should be noted that it is not clear to what extent the moisture in the bore hole will equilibrate with the atmosphere. Phyllosilicate detection – WatSen - Instrumentation – Test plan – Future missions - Summary

  12. Tests Overview Variables: • Substrate • Environment • Water content • Temperature • Pressure • Atmosphere • Measurements from WatSen • Spectra • Images • Humidity OU Environment Test Chamber Phyllosilicate detection – WatSen - Instrumentation – Test plan – Future missions - Summary

  13. Proposed future missions • Moon Lightweight Interior and Telecoms Experiment (MoonLITE) • Marco Polo • Near Earth Object (NEO) mission • Lander and orbiter • VolDet (WatSen) replacing humidity sensors for thermal • Instrumented projectiles (seismometer, heat flow probe and volatile detector) • Survive high speed impact ~ 300 m/s • Penetrate surface ~ few metres • An alternative to soft landing • Lower cost and low mass => multi-site deployment mission Phyllosilicate detection – WatSen - Instrumentation – Test plan – Future missions - Summary

  14. Summary • Primary Objective: to detect water within martian soil by measuring humidity and IR spectral characteristics of the subsurface material. • Secondary Objective: to determine the mineralogy and mineral chemistry of near surface soils, and to determine how mineralogy changes with depth. Phyllosilicate detection – WatSen - Instrumentation – Test plan – Future missions - Summary

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