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Comprehensive Overview of the Respiratory System

Detailed exploration of respiratory system, from anatomy and functions to respiratory disorders and ventilation. Learn about organs such as nose, lungs, and trachea, and the gas exchange process.

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Comprehensive Overview of the Respiratory System

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  1. 13(20 slides) The Respiratory System

  2. Ch 13 RESPIRATORY SYS OUTLINE I Introduction II Anatomy and Function of Pathway Organs To The Lungs A. Nose … … F. Primary Bronchi III Lung Anatomy & General Functions A. Gross Anatomy, B. Respiratory Zone (micro) IV Specifics of Respiratory Functioning– The 4 Events Of Respiration A. Pulmonary Ventilation B. External Respiration C. Respiratory Gas Transport D. Internal Respiration V. Control of Respiration A. Neural Factors B. Chemical Factors VI Respiratory Disorders

  3. I. Introduction A. *Overall Functions 1. *Lungs: overall function? (1st page of Ch13) • *Gases = which ones exchanged? (1st page) B. *Passageways to the lungs: List organs (1st page) C. *Where gas exchange occurs: What particular part of the lungs? (1st page) Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Primary Bronchi Lungs

  4. Organs of the Respiratory System • Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lung-alveoli Nasal cavity Oral cavity Pharynx Nostril Larynx Trachea Left main (primary) bronchus Right main (primary) bronchus Left lung Right lung Diaphragm

  5. II. Anatomy & Functions of Pathway Organs to LungsA. The Nose (Ch13 pp. 2-4) Conchae 1. *External Opening of Nose = ? 2. *Nasal Cavity =what? • *Olfactory receptors: function? b. Respiratory mucosa: - Air Warms: • *Mucus:function? • *Cilia:function? c. *Conchae: What are they? - What do they do? Nasal cavity

  6. A. Nose …2. Nasal Cavity … d. *Palate = define (Ch13 page 4) • *hard palate • *soft palate B. *Paranasal Sinuses • Sinuses= • *Functions: 1) *Skull weight: 2) *speech: 3) *mucus: Sphenoidal sinus Frontal sinus Nasal cavity Hard palate Soft palate

  7. Parts …C. Pharynx = Throat: 1.*Define: 2. *What two Substances travel through the Pharynx: ? 3. *3 regions: what are they? 4. Pharyngotympanic(Auditory) tubes: what is it? Function? 5. Tonsils (3): Tissue? Function? Pharyngeal Palatine Lingual Pharyngeal Tonsils Palantine Tonsils Lingual Tonsils

  8. D. Larynx (Voice Box) 1. *Location: ? • *Tissue made of: ? • Structure: b. Thyroid Cartilage: c. Epiglottis: • Location: • Shape: • Function: d. *Vocal Cords - *Function ? Larynx Epiglottis Thyroid Cartilage Vocal Cords

  9. E. Trachea (Windpipe): 1.*Location: ? 2. Tissue Lining: • *Mucus • *Cilia • Function:Mucus and cilia together function how? 3. *“C-shaped Cartilage Rings: • Function: • Why open in back? 4. Functions: (1) pathway of air (2) clean air (3) food in esoph. Superior View of Trachea Posterior Esophagus Trachea Cilia C-shaped Cartilage Anterior

  10. Primary Bronchi F. Main (Primary) Bronchi 1. *Define: • Enter Lungs superficially and then branch • Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree Divisions = Primary Bronchi continue to subdivide forming a Bronchial Tree = afinely branched network of tubes that gets smaller and smaller until they are microscopic and end at the Alveoli • Location: • Branches: Secondary, Tertiary, • Bronchioles • Attach to what? ___________

  11. Posterior Esophagus (in posterior mediastinum) Vertebra Root of lung at hilum Right lung • Left main bronchus • Left pulmonary artery Parietal pleura • Left pulmonary vein Visceral pleura Left lung Pleural cavity Thoracic wall Pulmonary trunk Pericardial membranes Heart (in mediastinum) Anterior mediastinum Sternum Anterior (b) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown. Figure 13.4b

  12. III. Lungs Anatomy & General Functions A. Gross Anatomy 1. Composition • *Location: • *Diaphragm: location relative to diaphragm? 3. Parts: divided into lobes • Left lung—2 • Right lung—3 4. *Coverings: • *Outside = Serosa Membrane: parts? • *Pleural cavity • *Fluid: type?

  13. B. Respiratory Zone (Microscopic) Alveolar Duct • Smallest Microscopic Bronchioles • Alveoli (air sacs): • STRUCTURE: • Tissue: • Surrounded by: • Alveolar macrophages: • Surfactant: Alveolar Sac Alveoli Macrophage Surfactant- secreting cell Inside an Alveolus Red blood cell in capillary

  14. 5. Respiratory Zone …Function of ALVEOLI: • *Respiratory Membrane = ? • *Gases exchanged at Respiratory Membrane = ? Red blood cell Endothelial cell nucleus Capillary Alveolar pores O2 O2 Capillary CO2 CO2 Macrophage Alveolus Nucleus of squamous epithelial cell Respiratory membrane Alveolar epithelium Fused basement membranes Capillary endothelium

  15. IV. Specifics Of Respiratory Functioning– Four Events of Respiration 1) OVERVIEW • Pulmonary Ventilation— moving air in & out of the lungs (2) External respiration— gas exchange at alveoli (3) Respiratory gas transport—in blood (4) Internal respiration— gas exchange between blood and cells 2) 3) 1) Capillaries Body Cells

  16. OVERVIEW … (4) Internal respiration— gas exchange between blood and cells Capillaries Body Cells

  17. III. RESPIRATORY FUNCTION– Four Events of Respiration …A. Pulmonary Ventilation • Depends on volume of thoracic cavity and air Pressure • Increase volume  decreases pressure • Air flows from high to low pressure Passive VentilationTwophases 1. Inspiration= inhalation • Diaphragm contracts • External Intercostalscontract • Result:

  18. 2. Expiration= exhalation • Muscles relax • Diaphragm • External Intercostals • Elasticity of lungs important Active Ventilation

  19. Pulmonary Ventilation …3. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities • *Tidal Volume = define and give volume of air • Influencing factors: size, sex, age, … • *Inspiratory reserve volume = define and give volume of air

  20. B. External Respiration– gas exchange at alveoli (a) External respiration in the lungs (pulmonary gas exchange) • Gases move by diffusion • Blood just arriving at lung from Pulmonary Artery: • *Oxygen, O2: high or low? • Carbon dioxide, CO2: high or low? • Blood leaving the lungs via the Pulmonary veins: • *O2: high or low? • CO2: high or low? Oxygen is loaded into the blood and carbon dioxide is unloaded. Alveoli (air sacs) High O2 Low CO2 Loading of O2 Unloading of CO2 High CO2 Low O2 Plasma Red blood cell Pulmonary capillary

  21. C. Gas Transport in the Blood 1. Oxygen transport: After the initial diffusion, how is the O2 carried in the blood • *Most is on: what chemical? • *Oxyhemoglobin = ? • A small amount is: 2. Carbon Dioxide transport in blood: after diffusing from the body cells into the blood • Most is on: 1st reaction CO2 + H2O H2CO3H+ + HCO3 2nd reaction - requires an enzyme • Some is dissolved in the plasma and amino acids of hemoglobin Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate

  22. D. Internal Respiration *= define 1. Oxygen: Opposite to what occurs in lungs • *Oxygen diffuses from __________________ to _______________________ • Then: Hemoglobin: 2. Carbon dioxide:diffuses from ___________ to _______________

  23. (b) Internal respiration in the body tissues (systemic capillary gas exchange) Oxygen is unloaded and carbon dioxide is loaded into the blood. Tissue cells High CO2 Low O2 Loading of CO2 Unloading of O2 Low CO2 High O2 Plasma Systemic capillary Red blood cell Figure 13.11b

  24. V. CONTROL OF RESPIRATIONA. Neural Regulation • Medulla—sets rhythm of breathing and contains a pacemaker area • CO2 in blood • Pons—smooths out respiratory rate • Normal respiratory rate • 12 to 15 respirations per minute

  25. Brain Breathing control centers Pons centers Medulla centers Afferent Impulses to medulla Efferent nerve impulses from medulla trigger contraction of inspiratory muscles Intercostal nerves Phrenic nerves Breathing control centers stimulated by: CO2 increase in blood (acts directly on medulla centers by causing a drop in pH of CSF) Nerve impulse from O2 sensor indicating O2 decrease Intercostal muscles O2 sensor in aortic body of aortic arch Diaphragm CSF in brain sinus Figure 13.12

  26. B. Chemical Factors (Non-Neural) Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth • Chemical factors: CO2 levels • CO2: most important stimulus because it affects blood pH • Increased levels of CO2  acidic blood pH  increases rate & depth of breathing to correct • O2 levels have a lesser affect due to the reserve of O2 in the hemoglobin

  27. VI. Respiratory Disorders: STUDENTS DO • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) • Chronic Bronchitis • Emphysema • Lung Cancer • Cystic Fibrosis • Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) • Asthma • Affects of TOBACCO • END

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