Introduction to Design Process

1. Introduction to Design Process Prof. Ken McIsaac 2008 09 10

2. Outline • What is engineering design? • The engineering design process • Innovation • Incremental versus “big leap” innovation • Sources of innovation • Creativity

3. observation Knowledge experiments theory What is Science?

4. Problems Judgment and creativity Innovative design solutions to benefit mankind Knowledge What is Engineering?

5. Who put a man on the moon? Or Engineers? Scientists? www.gyasbd.com/ history.asp

6. What is the Engineering Design? • “Simply stated, designing is creating or formulating a course of action, or the form of an object, to satisfy a need” • Dunwoody et al., Fundamental Competencies for Engineers, p.150

7. Examples of Types of Design • Product Design: Scotch Tape, DVD, Drugs & Medicines; Software, Robots, • Process Design: pharmaceuticals for better health; harnessing energy from renewable sources, preventing pollution • Structure Design: Bridge, Road, Airport

8. How Engineers Changed the World! ElectrificationAutomobileAirplane Water Supply and Distribution ElectronicsRadio and Television Agricultural MechanizationComputersTelephone Air Conditioningand Refrigeration HighwaysSpacecraft Internet Imaging Household Appliances Health Technologies Petroleum andPetrochemical Technologies Laser and Fiber Optics Nuclear Technologies High-performance Materials http://www.greatachievements.org

9. The Design Process • Engineering designers use a systematic design process • There are many versions of the design process that are generically similar STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3

10. A Generic Design Process (1) Recognition of need Problem definition Information gathering and research Generation of concepts Iteration and reflection Evaluation and selection of concepts Prototype construction and testing Design communication

11. A Generic Design Process (2) • Specification Development / Planning Phase Determine need, customer and engineering requirements Develop a project plan • Conceptual Design Phase Generate and evaluate concepts Select best solution • Detail Design Phase Documentation and part specification Prototype evaluation • Production Phase Component manufacture and assembly Plant facilities / capabilities • Service Phase Installation, use , maintenance and safety • Product Retirement Phase Length of use, disposal, and recycle

12. CONSTRAINTS Objectives Resources Practical Considerations in Design The design team must work within: • Constraints and Limitations • Resources Available • Goals and Objectives Achievable

13. Current Practice in Engineering Design • Lifecycle design: • Conception, Manufacture, Use, Final disposal; Maintenance; Servicing; Recycling; • Design for Quality • Design for Environmental Sustainability

14. Design is iterative Conceptual Design Evaluate Alternatives Final Design Implementation Problem Redefined (new information) Evaluation Criteria Change Implementation-based Changes

15. We are in class of “Introductory Engineering Design and Innovation (Studio)”So what is “Innovation”? • An improvement of an existing technological product, system, or method of doing something. www.iteawww.org/TAA/Glossary.htm • Innovation is the whole process from: invention, development, pilot production, marketing, production. Invention is just invention. (Innovation = creative idea + implementation.) www.tkb-4u.com/glossarylist/glossary_in.php

16. Incremental Innovation: The S-Curve Mature technology Performance New technology Time

17. Big Leap Innovation New Technology (Innovation) Performance Old technology Uncertainty! Disruption! Time

18. Diesel-Electric Steam Making the Leap

19. Making the Leap Jet Propeller Propeller

20. Making the Leap “Horseless carriage” Horse and carriage

21. Making the Leap www.tcf.ua.edu/AZ/ ITHistoryOutline.htm Calculator Slide Rule

22. Making the Leap Computer Typewriter

23. Enough history – What about now?

24. Leap happening now Film Camera Digital Camera

25. Leap happening now CRT LCD

26. Leap happening now Music CDs On-line music

27. Leap happening now Laser surgery Glasses/ Contact lenses

28. Leap happening now Incandescent light Fluorescent light

29. Leap happening now Maps GPS navigation

30. Leap happening now http://www.conferencecenter.com/ Conference center Web based meeting

31. Where do Innovations Come From? • Flashes of inspiration • Accidents and mistakes • Emerging technologies • Creative thinking

32. A Flash of Inspiration Velcro = Velour and Crochet. (Velvet and hook) George DeMestral (1907-1990)

33. Mistakes and Accidents • Nylon was discovered by accident by a team of chemists at DuPont • Other accidents: • Super-glue • Post-it notes • Safety glass • Vulcanized rubber Encarta.msn.com

34. Emerging Technologies • It takes many years from invention or discovery to widespread use of a technology • Typically about 30 years Digital overtakes film CCD (charge-coupled device) sensor invented CMOS (complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor) sensor First digital camera prototype 1969 1981 2004 35 years

35. Creative thinking

36. Creative thinkingSafe obstetric forceps 400years Steel forceps Easy to crash baby’s head Flexible forceps The material flexibility makes it possible to grasp the child’s head while applying excess pressure or traction is impossible.

37. Where will tomorrows innovations come from? • Information technology • Nanotechnology • Biotechnology • Artificial intelligence • Robotics

38. Example of future innovations:Information technology; Second Life Space for: Meetings, research, social life, ...

39. Example of future innovations:Nanotechnology; Quantum Dots Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory have developed a wireless nanodevice that efficiently produces visible light, through energy transfer from nano-thin layers of quantum wells to nanocrystals above the nanolayers. Source: Wikipedia

40. Example of future innovations:Biotechnology; Functional foods Foods or dietary components that may provide a health benefit beyond basic nutrition.

41. What about creativity? • The inventors of lasers did not imagine fiber optic communication • The inventors of the Internet did not imagine Google or the Web • What are the potential applications of quantum dots?

42. Creative Thinking • Creative thinking and imagination can find new solutions to old problems • Techniques to promote creative thinking can be learned! www.cepr.org/ home/sitemap.htm

43. Thinking Outside the Box • Six aerospace engineers without previous experience designed a new rocket engine. • Compared to existing designs, it: • Cost 50% less • Had 90% fewer parts • Had very high quality • Was completed under-budget and under-schedule www.visionengineer.com/ aero/rocket.shtml www.spaceref.com/news/ viewpr.html?pid=11000%20

44. Creativity in Engineering Design? • Proposing unique, innovative, practical solutions to Engineering Problems. • Design is an iterative process • Creativity in Design • Creative thinking + practical considerations

45. What is Creativity? • The ability to think and approach a problem in an original or flexible way. May be applied to any subject area. www.bgfl.org/services/gifted/glossary.htm • The ability to invent and develop original (very imaginative and clever) ideas. www.ie.metu.edu.tr/~ie404/Definitions/Definitions.html • Use one's imagination to develop a new idea or product. highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072486740/student_view0/chapter1/glossary.html

46. Factors limiting creativity • Restricting imagination.

47. Some factors limiting creativity • Jumping right to “the answer” • “It’s a dumb idea” • Assuming solution as a part of problem definition

48. Creativity techniques that we will in use in ES050 design projects Paradigm Shift 180 degree Thinking Brainstorming Mind Mapping Brutethink