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Code-mixing & Code-switching

“A structural analysis review”. Code-mixing & Code-switching. Lecture 6. Prefered terms by experts. Typology of Code-switching . Equivalence constraint. Free morpheme constraint. Shana Poplack (1980). “Equivalence Constraint (EC)”.

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Code-mixing & Code-switching

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  1. “A structural analysis review” Code-mixing & Code-switching Lecture 6 By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

  2. Prefered terms by experts By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

  3. Typology of Code-switching Equivalence constraint Free morpheme constraint Shana Poplack (1980) By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

  4. “Equivalence Constraint (EC)” • Code-switches tend to occur at points where the juxtaposition of L1 and L2 items does not ‘violate a syntactic rule of either language’ Apayang diaclaim? what does he claim? • The Equivalence Constraint claims that there is linear order and structural hierarchy in code-switched utterances. No problem, kemanadiapergi. No problem, where does she go By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

  5. Free Morpheme Constraint (FMC) • The Free Morpheme Constraint proposes that code-switches will not occur within a word such as between two affixes, and a stem and an affix. * saya yang meng-organize-kan ini  - siapa yang meng-order buku ini ?  - ada yang ber-honeymoon di pulau itu  By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

  6. FMC • The Free Morpheme Constraint suggests that switchingis possible anywhere except between a bound morpheme and a stem - dia kelihatan ill-feel - biasanya hari minggu adiknya off - You kelihatan loyo, take a restsaja hari ini By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

  7. Typology of Code-mixing Insertion Alternation Congruent Lexicalization Pieter Muysken (2000) By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

  8. “Insertional CM” • Structural characteristics of insertions proposed by Muysken (2000) are that they are usually single, content words (such as nouns and adjectives) • The word order of the sentence displays a nested a b a structure. This means that the elements preceding and following the insertion are grammatically related. By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

  9. “Example of Insertion CM” A B A … a … … b … … a … • Amir sudah dua step ketinggalan di belakang • Tak banyak anggota yang posting tulisan A = L1 B = L2 By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

  10. “Alternational CM” • Alternation occurs when several constituents are mixed in a sequence. Discourse particles and adverbs are analyzed as alternations. • Alternation is observed to display a non-nested A...B...A structure, which means that the elements preceding and following the ‘switched string’ are not ‘structurally’ related. • In alternation, a sentence begins with language A and ends in language Bor the way round. By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

  11. “Example of Alternation CM” A B … a … … b … • For you know, kami selalu konsisten. • Jangan sampai terlambat, Okay? • Apapun tindakannya, it must be crime. By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

  12. “Congruent Lexicalization” • Considerable contact between typologically not-so-distant language pairs may lead to ‘congruent lexicalization’ (CL). • The theory of CL characterizes the convergence of two grammatical systems into one that can take place. • In CL, the grammar of the sentence is shared either fully or in part by the two languages. By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

  13. “Example of CL” A / B …a… …b… …a… …b… Bahasa has no CL with English because both are not a language in one family.. This may happen for a non-distant language pairs. By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

  14. Conclusion • Poplack proposed two constraints of Code-switching: free morpheme constraint and equivalent constraint. • Muysken proposed three types of Code-mixing: Insertion, Alternation, and Congruent Lexicalization. By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

  15. Thank you By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

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