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World War II. THIS HAS BEEN MODIFIED TO INCLUDE ONLY SLIDES NOT SEEN IN CLASS AND FOCUSES ON THE PACIFIC THEATER. Germany and the Arab Countries Before World War II.
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World War II THIS HAS BEEN MODIFIED TO INCLUDE ONLY SLIDES NOT SEEN IN CLASS AND FOCUSES ON THE PACIFIC THEATER
Germany and the Arab Countries Before World War II • After World War I, the Great Powers of Europe fought for influence in the Middle East's oil fields and traderoutes, with France and Britain holding mandates throughout most ofthe region. • In the 1930s, the fascist regimes that arose in Italy andGermany sought greater stakes in the area, and began courting Arableaders to revolt against their British and French custodians. • Due to their hatred of the Jews, the Arab leaders vowed to do everything in their power to aid Hitler in his mission to exterminate the Jews. • Among their many willing accomplices was Jerusalem Mufti Haj Aminel-Husseini • fled Palestine after agitating against the Britishduring the Arab Revolt of 1936-39 • found refuge in Iraq – another of Her Majesty's mandates – where he again topped the British most wanted list after helping pull the strings behind the Iraqi coup of1941 • The revolt in Baghdad was orchestrated by Hitler as part of astrategy to squeeze the region between the pincers of Rommel's troopsin North Africa, German forces in the Caucuses and pro-Nazi forces inIraq.
First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) Gained: Formosa (Taiwan) Liaotung Peninsula (Manchuria) – soon forced to relinquish it Sphere of influence in Korea Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) Destruction of Russian fleet Finally respected as a world power Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905 U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt won Noble Peace Prize Japan was granted the southern part of Sakhalin Island and a large sphere of influence in Manchuria Annexation of Korea (1910) World War I Joined Allies Received Germany’s mandates over Asian islands and its leases in the Shantung Peninsula Meiji Japan at War
Washington Conference (1922) Size limits on navies 5:5:3 ratio for Great Britain, United States, and Japan Japanese resented these limitations Nine Power Treaty China’s independence and territory guaranteed Open Door Policy reaffirmed Four Power Pact France, Great Britain, Japan, United States One another’s colonial possessions would be respected U.S. Japanese Exclusion Act (1924) American and European Opposition Imperial Flag of the Japanese Navy
Pretense that Chinese bandits were destroying the Southern Manchurian Railway League of Nations China asked League for help Lytton Commission sent to China to investigate Noted harshness of Japanese rule in Manchuria Recommended that Japan withdraw from Manchuria Japan instead withdrew from the League of Nations Conquest of Manchuria (1931) Japanese propaganda poster: "With the cooperation of Japan, China, and Manchukuo, the world can be at peace."
Japan proclaimed its “independence” in 1931 Deposed (1912) Manchu emperor of China, Puyi, placed on throne as Manchurian emperor Really a puppet of Japan Stimson Doctrine – United States refused to recognize Japan’s actions Japanese Manchuria: Manchukuo Emperor Puyi Flag of Manchukuo
Ignored international treaties – built up navy Marco Polo Bridge Incident – July, 1937 Minor dispute between Chinese and Japanese troops Neither side was ready to fully back down Small spark started the Second Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945 – World War II in Asia U.S. reaction Americans boycotted Japanese goods American companies continued to sell Japan cotton, oil, and scrap metal Japanese Invasion of China
1940 – Japan joined Axis with Germany and Italy “Asia for Asians” philosophy “Liberating” Asia from Western imperialism In reality, replacing Western imperialism with Japanese imperialism Attacked Burma, Dutch East Indies, French Indo-China, Philippines, Thailand, etc. Japanese imperialism ended with World War II Japan’s territory returned to older, traditional islands Japan in World War II
Japan’s War in China • Conquest of Chinese Manchuria 1931-1932 • Full-scale invasion in 1937 • The Rape of Nanjing • Ariel bombing of urban center • 400,000 Chinese used for bayonet practice, massacred • 7,000 women raped • 1/3 of all homes destroyed • Japan signs Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy (1940); neutrality pact with Soviet Union (1941)
Chinese Resistance • Japanese aggression spurs “united front” policy between Chinese Communists and Nationalists • Guerilla warfare ties down half of the Japanese army • Yet continued clashes between Communists and Nationalists • Communists gain popular support, upper hand by end of the war
Bataan Death March: April, 1942 76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to POW camps in the Philippines.
Bataan: British Soldiers A Liberated British POW
The Burma Campaign General Stilwell Leaving Burma, 1942 The “Burma Road”
Turning the Tide in the Pacific • U.S. code breaking operation Magic discovers Japanese plans • Battle of Midway (June 4, 1942) • U.S. takes the offensive, engages in island-hopping strategy • Iwo Jima and Okinawa • Japanese kamikaze suicide bombers • Savage two-month battle for Okinawa
Japanese Kamikaze Planes:The Scourge of the South Pacific Kamikaze Pilots Suicide Bombers
Potsdam Conference:July, 1945 • FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime Minister during conference. • Stalin only original. • The United States has the A-bomb. • Allies agree Germany is to be divided into occupation zones • Poland moved around to suit the Soviets. P.M. Clement President Joseph Atlee Truman Stalin
The Manhattan Project:Los Alamos, NM I am become death, the shatterer of worlds! Major GeneralLesley R. Groves Dr. Robert Oppenheimer
Tinian Island, 1945 Little Boy Fat Man Enola Gay Crew
Hiroshima – August 6, 1945 • 70,000 killed immediately. • 48,000 buildings. destroyed. • 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later.
