The Civil War: Causes, Strategies, and Battles

1. BELL WORK 04/02/15 After the end of the Revolutionary War, states were eager to expand into newly available territory. The states of New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Virginia argued over competing claims to land west of the Appalachian Mountains. This conflict was addressed by the — F. Missouri Compromise G. Wilmot Proviso H. Northwest Ordinance J. Kansas-Nebraska Act Turn in Bell Work

2. The Civil War

3. About the War • Both sides felt that their cause was just. The south believed that the north was trampling on its rights. They were fighting to preserve the southern way of life.The north felt that the south had no right to leave the union. They fought to preserve the Union. • Each side, though, thought that the war would only last a few weeks at the longest. • In the beginning of the war, abolishing slavery was NOT a goal of the north.

4. They thought it would be over quickly – 90 day enlistments in the North – it lasted 4 years. • North had advantages at the start

5. North To save the Union To abolish slavery – not an official goal at the start of the war South To leave the Union To keep their way of life, including slavery The war for Southern Independence Reasons for Fighting

6. Border States • 7 states seceded in 1860 • 4 more quickly joined – Virginia, N. Carolina, Tennessee & Arkansas • 4 slave states stayed in the Union – Maryland, Kentucky, Delaware & Missouri – not universally supported – attacks on troops – martial law in Maryland

7. Dividing the Nation

8. North & South

9. large population - food production & military service. most of the nation’s factories. strong navy and a large fleet of merchant ships. had to conquer a huge area. invading unfamiliar land. Long Union supply lines Northern strengths & weaknesses

10. few factories few networked railroads The Confederate constitution favored states’ rights and limited the central government. -difficult to get things done. small population compared to the North. few ships. a strong reason to fight. knew the southern countryside. Southern civilians helped the Confederate forces. Southern strengths & weaknesses

11. The War’s LeadersJefferson Davis • Confederate President • attended the U.S. Military Academy at West Point • was an officer in the Mexican War • was Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce • was respected for his honesty and courage

12. The War’s LeadersAbraham Lincoln • Union President • limited experience in national politics • no military experience • turned out to be a strong leader and fine war planner • had a sense of humor • could accept criticism

13. Confederate CommanderRobert E. Lee • Lincoln had asked him to command the Union army • was loyal to his state of Virginia

14. No Easy Victory

15. No Easy Victory • Plan for victory of each side • No quick end to the war. • Confederate victories • Union victories

16. Union Plan for Victory • First Plan – The Anaconda Plan – strangle the south into submission by cutting off its supply lines. This plan was ambitious but would be slow. It was modified by adding land attacks

17. Use the navy to blockade southern ports. In the East, seize Richmond, the Confederate capital. In the West, seize control of the Mississippi River. Prevent use of the river to supply troops Separate Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana from the rest of the Confederacy. Union Strategies for Winning

18. Confederate Strategies • Fight a defensive war until northerners tired of fighting and gave up. They hoped that the war would become unpopular and Lincoln would have to end it. • Use European money and supplies to help fight the war. They expected Europeans to recognize the Confederacy (but none did). South is on Defense North is on Offense

19. Lincoln sent troops to attack Richmond. Union and Confederate troops clashed at Bull Run. Union troops retreated. Lincoln appoints General George McClellan to be the new commander. Troops need to be trained Union commander McDowell is replaced by McClellan No Quick End to the WarBattle of Bull Run July 21, 1861 http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/antietam/maps/antietam-animated-map.html

20. McClellan trains troops and moved toward Richmond. Lincoln can’t send more troops south Union is reluctant to fight McClellan retreats He turns out to be too cautious. Robert E. Lee attacks Stonewall Jackson goes north to threaten Washington, D.C. No Quick End to the WarRichmond March 1862

21. Naval Action • Blockade of southern ports becomes effective – trade drops by more than 90%. • Confederates develop an ironclad ship from an abandoned Union warship.

22. The Union also built an ironclad, the Monitor. The Virginia and the Monitor fought each other. Confederates covered the Merrimack, with iron plates and renamed it the Virginia. It was later sunk when the Union captured Norfolk. Naval Action

23. Battle of AntietamSept 1862 • Hoping for a southern victory on northern soil, Lee marched into Maryland. • McClellan learned of Confederate plans, but was slow to attack. • At last, the two sides met. • Both sides suffered great losses. • 87,000 Union forces (12,400 killed or wounded) • 45,000 Confederate (10,300 killed or wounded)

24. Battle of AntietamSept 1862 • No clear victory for either side. • Lee retreats- Union claims victory • Because Lee withdrew, northern morale was raised. • Lincoln replaced the cautious McClellan with Ambrose Burnside.

25. Confederate Victories in the East Battle of Fredericksburg December 1862 VIDEO

26. Confederate Victories Battle of FredericksburgDecember 1862 • Lee’s forces met Burnside’s army. • Lee’s forces dug into the crest of a hill. • As Union troops charged, they have to cross an open area & then climb uphill intowaiting Confederate forces. • Confederate guns mowed them down.

27. Battle of Fredericksburg December 1862 • One of the Union’s worst defeats • TroopsUnion: 115,000Confederate: 78,000 • Casualties (killed, wounded /missing /captured)):Union: 12,600 Confederate: 5,300

28. Confederate Victories Battle of ChancellorsvilleMay 1863 • Lee, aided by Stonewall Jackson, outmaneuvered Union forces in a thickly wooded area. • Lee and Jackson defeated the Union troops in a three-day battle. • Jackson is shot by mistake and dies several days later.

29. Union Victories in the West • February 1862 -Union troops under Ulysses S. Grant captured two Tennessee forts - Henry & Donelson. • They gain control of two tributaries of the Mississippi.

30. Union Victories in the West • Battle of New Orleans • April 1862 • Union gunboats captured New Orleans. • Other ships captured Memphis, Tennessee. • The Union now controlled both ends of the Mississippi and the South can no longer use the river as a supply line. Battle of Shiloh April 6–7, 1862 • 2 day battle - General Ulysses S Grantloses ground on day 1 • Confederate forces surprise Grant and drive him back toward the river. • With the aid of fresh troops, Grant beat back the Confederates. • The Union wins control of the Tennessee River. • 20,000 Casualties

31. 9. nicknames

32. Choosing Sides Map- Pg 92 • Color the Union States • Color the Confederate States • Color the Border States • Color the states that joined the nation AFTER April 1861 • Color the territories • Draw a border line between the CSA and the USA