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Cooperation of Universities: Background and Main Issues What are the Problems?

Cooperation of Universities: Background and Main Issues What are the Problems?. Masayuki Kobayashi Liu Wenjun Center for Research and Development of Higher Education The University of Tokyo. Main Issues.

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Cooperation of Universities: Background and Main Issues What are the Problems?

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  1. Cooperation of Universities: Background and Main IssuesWhat are the Problems? Masayuki Kobayashi Liu Wenjun Center for Research and Development of Higher Education The University of Tokyo

  2. Main Issues • Along with globalization and marketization, cooperation between universities has been rapidly developing. This is a very positive trend for each government and each university. • However this causes many conflicts and problems, too. • How can we resolve these problems? This is a big challenge for all of us. • To tackle this issue, we have to make the present situations and backgrounds of the problems clear. • In particular we need to show the pros and cons of university cooperation, both on a government level and on a university level. • Then we may present a perspective on future cooperation.

  3. I. Present Situations and BackgroundChanging Governments and Markets • Government:public education, education and research as public goods; public expenditure to education • Market: competition and efficiency (high productivity),high response to the rapid changes • Education is a goods and service in the market.eg. for-profit higher education institutions • Background of marketization: failure of government, inefficiency, red tape, regulations, barrier to movement • Development of marketizaiton and policy of marketization by government • Facilitate movements, deregulation, for profit • WTO/GATS: facilitate education as goods, to increase exports of American university education to various countries

  4. Marketization of Higher Education Policy • Governments, in particular the Australian, British, and American government have policies of marketization • Japanese Government • World class research center of excellence • Facilitate university to get more external funds • Quality Assurance and Unified Degree • 300,000 international students plan

  5. Emergence of Academic CapitalismMarketization and Globalization of Higher Education • Academic Capitalism: Typical example, For-profit institutions • Non profit institutions have to get more external funds and revenues from students, too. • This is one of the reasons for having off-shore or overseas branch campus. • Marketization and Globalization of Higher Education • Capital, labor, and knowledge as production elements: Highly mobile • Higher Education, university education in particular used not to be mobile, but tied to land, culture and institutions. But it has become more mobile through IT, financial markets and the development of transportation（Yano2000、Kaneko2000）. • In consequence, globalization and marketization are developing simultaneously.

  6. Internationalizationand Three University Types • Medieval university: cosmopolitan • Modern university: nation state • American research university: cosmopolitan/ nation state • Not all universities have nor need international characteristics. Sorbonne, University Paris Berlin University Johns Hopkins University

  7. Increasing Mobility of Students and Researchers and Patterns of Mobility • Three Types of Mobility • Export: developing countries • Import: Australia, England • Import and Export :Singapore, Japan, USA • Patterns of Mobility • Dispatch（U turn type）externalization of training of researchers • Root ( I type)exploiting labor, brain drain • New types of campus such as branch campus, off-shore campus, on-line campus change the patterns of student mobility.

  8. Higher Education Networks　① • Higher Education Networks • Multi level higher education networks (vertical axis): national level, university level, department level. Individual level • Extending region of networks (horizontal axis): by-two level, regional level, interregional level • Regional network • EU:ERASMUS1987, Bologna Process1999 • Asia Higher Education Networks • Decentralized？ • Closed Block? • Interregional Higher Education Networks • INQAAHE • ERASUMUS/ MUNDES • WTO/ GATS • Washington Accord • ASEM • EU-Asia Higher Education Platform (EAHEP ) • IARU

  9. Higher Education Networks　②　　　　 Asia in the world

  10. Higher Education Networks③The Case of China Russia 76 75 (U.S.A.) （Korea） 7 (Canada) 32 （Japan） ４ 16 (France) (France) (The U.K.) 107 （Singapore） ４ 13 (Germany) 81 5 （Australia） New Zealand

  11. Higher Education Networks④The Case of China (U.S.A.) (Canada) (France) (France) (Germany) (The U.K.) The Netherlands （Korea） Australia

  12. II. Problems of Marketizationand Globalization:Failure of Market • Worsening disparities among universities （Matthew Effects） • Increasing low quality education and research（The Gresham’s Law） • Free rider problems, in particular basic research and brain drain

  13. Competition and Disparities Among Universities • Extending disparities as a consequence of competition: from domestic to international • Formation of international higher education hierarchy？ • Higher education systems in some countries; such as England, the U.S. and Japan have steep hierarchical structures. • To some extent, the rankings of HEIs are reflected these hierarchies. • Higher education is a ‘positional good’ (Hirsh 1976) • The competition of acquiring higher position is a “zero-sum game.” • But globalization of higher education might change this situation because the supply of excellent higher education is not limited to a domestic market, but is extending all over the world. • This is one of the reasons that world university ranking has been so popular. An international hierarchy of higher education might be emerging (Margison 2004).

  14. Globalization vs. Localization • Very important issue for higher education: • Standardization vs. maintaining indigenous culture • Especially important: teaching language

  15. Proportions of Classes Taught in Foreign Languages in Japanese Universities More than 10 % National Public Private No classes Source: Tohoku University 2008.

  16. Who Should Pay? • Cost sharing of education as public goods and service, tuition fees as a price of education • From cost sharing in one country to that in international cost sharing? How to cooperate the cost sharing of education • Cost sharing of research • Free rider problem of basic research, brain drain

  17. Expected Revenue for University Internationalization Total National Public Private Tuition Fees from International Students Subsidies for international student Subsidies from international organizations External Funds from Organizations Source: Tohoku University 2008.

  18. Pros and Cons for Nation and International Society • Leading edge knowledge and skills are brought by returning-home students and researchers. • Employers can hire talented/skilled labor force, such as international students. • Partnerships among nations are developing more cosmopolitan cooperation. • The risks include brain drain, diploma mill, and lowering the quality of education, loss of cultural or national identity, jeopardy of the quality of higher education, and the homogenization of curriculum (IAU 2005 Survey by Jane Knight)

  19. Pros and Cons for Universities Source: The Third IAUGlobal Survey of Internationalization Higher Education 2009

  20. Implications/Results of Further Internationalization of Universities Total National Public Private Strengthening International Competition Contributions to Neighborhood Enhancement of Human Resources Cooperation of Universities Recognition of Japanese Culture Education as an Export Good Strategic Alliance Source: Tohoku University 2008.

  21. Cons for Universities • The Third IAUGlobal Survey of Internationalization of Higher Education 2009 • Downside and risks: commercialization and commodification of education programs, degree mills, brain drain • Internal problems in universities • Enlarging disparities within universities, in particular disparities of external funds • Indifference to Internationalization and lack of cooperation of universities • Internationalization activities might be closed off in narrow divisions to particular persons.

  22. III. Perspectives1 Policy • UNESCO/ OECD, Guidelines for Quality Provision for Higher Education 2005 • What can we do beyond it? • Three Issues • Qualification framework and quality assurance • Facilitate mobility of students and researchers • Cost sharing and student financial aids

  23. III. Perspectives 2 University Reforms • Universities in various countries have common characteristics, in particular autonomy and cosmopolitanism. • Openness and Transparency • Reform of Organizations: human resources, finance, education, research, partnership with industry, internationalization, strategy, etc. • Three Main Issues: • Allocation of external fund within a university • Cost sharing: tuition fees and student financial aids; high tuition and high aid policy • Teaching language • Each university or each department or even each teacher should decide in which language they will teach under the consensus.

  24. How will regional and interregional cooperation improve these difficult situations? Thank you for listening! masadayo@he.u-tokyo.ac.jp wenjun@he.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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