All You Need to Know about Immunoassay Drug Test for Drug Development

1. All You Need to Know about Immunoassay DrugTest for Drug Development

2. During drug development, measuring toxicity and impact of the drug compounds in a product is an essential activity. This is achieved by developing immunoassays or test systems that analyze the safety and efficacy of the drug compound. These immunoassays allow testing of drug interaction with the biochemical, cellular, or molecular processes. Understanding Immunoassay Drug Test The immunoassay drug test assesses the immune reaction triggered by specific antigens and the corresponding protein developed by this response. These proteins produced due to immune response are called antibodies, which are utilized to figure out the target compound present in a given sample.

3. In a sandwich immunoassay, a target is bound using two different antibodies. One of these antibodies is attached to a solid plate through immobilization. The first antibody on the solid plate binds antigen to it and the second antibody binds to the free side of antigen. In a competitive immunoassay, only one antibody is utilized to evaluate antigen presence. This process is utilized when analytes are relatively small for sandwich immunoassay. Types of Immunoassay The importance of the immunoassay drug test is attributed to its high throughput, sensitivity, and specificity for multiple analytes present in the biological samples. Owing to these aspects, immunoassay tests are widelyused in drug discovery and development.

4. Below, we have explained different types of immunoassays that can be utilized during drug development. Radioimmunoassay In radioimmunoassay, the antigen related to the drug development is attached with a radioisotope and bound to the complementary antibody. After achieving this, the sample antigen is added to replace the radioactive antigen. Once the process is completed, the unbound antigens are washed away and radioactivity is calculated. The sample’s radioactivity is inversely proportional to the target antigen. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay In the ELISA immunoassay, an enzyme is connected to the antibody, which goes through incubation. After incubation is completed, the unbound antigens are removed or washed so that antibody-enzyme

5. can be measured. This is achieved by the addition of a substrate to the final solution. A chemical reaction relevant to the substrate caused by the enzyme leads to change, which is then used to analyze the target antigen. Counting Immunoassay The counting immunoassay process is carried out by coating multiple antibodies to the polystyrene beads. These antibodies and the target antigen are complementary to each other. When the polystyrene beads are exposed to incubation, antigens and beads bind together to form a large mass. The unbounded beads are calculated through a cell counter. These calculated unbounded beads are inversely proportional to the antigen.

6. Chemiluminescence Immunoassay The chemiluminescence immunoassay is similar to the ELISA immunoassay. The antibody or antigen is coated over solid particles. After incubation of these particles, the substrate is added to the solution which generates light. This intensity of the light is measured as it is directly proportional to the target antigen. Fluro Immunoassay The fluorescent probes are utilized to label the antibodies, which are then exposed to antigen incubation. After completion of the incubation process, the intensity of the fluorescent is measured.

7. Immunoassay tests in Drug Development Immunoassay tests are widely utilized for drug monitoring, pharmacokinetic, toxicokinetic, and bioequivalence analysis of drug development. The type of immunoassay for a particular drug discovery experiment is decided, based upon various goals of the study. Selecting the right method is imperative for successful completion of different drug development phases. Hence, it is very important to assess the requirements of the experiment before proceeding with any of the above immunoassay tests.

8. Thanks