The Struggle for Empire

1. The Struggle for Empire Aly Go, Jason Marlatt, Ellie Mamatis, and Tiana T Nicholson, M CHA 3U1 - 01 02/13/2012

2. Overview • Introduction: Frontier Conflict • From Deerfield to Louisbourg • French Indian War • Washington and Braddock • British Victory • Pontiac’s Revolt • The Expulsion of the Acadians

3. Intro: Frontier conflict (1/2) • The 18th century of America was shaped by the conflict between Britain and France for the control of North America and the consequences of victory for British policy. • Britain and France fought a series of war along the frontier between their colonies in North America

4. Intro: Frontier conflict (2/2) • Conflict focused on • control over lucrative fur trade • & French efforts to prevent British and American expansion into the interior of North America • Each side relying on Native Americans to conduct most of the fighting • Native Americans played both sides attempting to protect their own territorial interests • with varying degrees of success

5. FROM DEERFIELD TO Louisbourg (1/3) • Louisbourg was a massive fort constructed to guard the entrance to the St. Lawrence. • The fortress had been a major problem for trade so the British set an expedition to capture the fort in 1740. • In 1745, the Fort was captured - until 1748 when it was returned to France under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle

6. FROM DEERFIELD TO Louisbourg (2/3) • Early settlements began to pop up all over the thirteen colonies during the first half of the 18th century. • The New Frontier people were easy targets against attack from the French and native forces. • Most attacks were over control of the thriving fur trade which was the main economy in these areas. • Deerfield was an example of a settlement that came under attack.

7. FROM DEERFIELD TO louisbourg (3/3) • In 1702, a truce that had brought some form of peace was broken with the start of Queen Anne’s War • On February 29, 1704, a group of Abenakis and French attacked a settlement called Deerfield, in Massachusetts. • 50 settlers were killed and 100 were taken as prisoners.

8. French and indian war (1) • Britain and France have always been at war only to stop for a brief peace, in North America a large war known as the French War started in 1754. • The war was mainly over control of the Ohio Valley by American Colonist and the French and their Indian allies. • This causing a longer conflict known as the Seven Years War between 1756-1763 that would lead to the elimination of French rule and British supremacy in North America. • To help stop the threat French and Native threat, delegates including Benjamin Franklin came together in June 1754 to push back the French and settle in the Ohio River Valley.  

9. Washington & braddock (1/3) • In Washington’s ambush, his men built Fort Necessity • Soon the Native Americans (French allies) sought revenge and defeated Washington’s men. • The French began to build forts (expanding) in fear of the English traders & colonists encroaching the Ohio Valley- building Fort Duquesne • In Oct 1753, Gov. Robert Dinwiddie sent George Washington (Virginia militia officer) to spy on the French. • Washington was promoted to command of a militia regiment to counter French • But the mission failed

10. Washington & braddock (2/3) • In 1755, the British sent Gen. Edward Braddock instead & trained a large force to capture Fort Duquesne. • The French countered Braddock’s expedition- • Braddock was wounded fatally. • Followed by attacks on American settlements • many killed • & many fled East as refugees

11. Washington & braddock (3/3) • Britain continued building string of forts along Allegheny Mountains to secure themselves, but the French was still major threat. • In 1758, the British set out for another mission against Fort Duquesne • This time persuaded the Natives to leave the French for British protection • upon getting to the Fort, they discovered it was abandoned.

12. British victory (1/2) • In 1758, the British destroyed Fort Duquesne. • The British also captured the big French fortress of Louisbourg • Long threat to American shipping stopped • The St Lawrence Valley lay open to British attack

13. British victory (2/2) • Gen. James Wolfe led a British siege on Quebec and captured it after the Battle of Quebec (Sept 13, 1759) • The loss of Louisbourg and Quebec sealed fate of French Empire in North America. • The fall of Montreal to Britain in 1760 ELIMINATEDthe French threat.

14. PONTIAC’S REVOLT (1/7) • During the Seven Years War, the British claimed victory over the French. • The Native American leaders began to question the British and the American intentions. • In 1763, the French surrendered the Ohio territory (land that the Native Americans claimed theirs).

15. PONTIAC’S REVOLT (2/7) • The Europeans and Native Americans used to be considered as allies, even equals, until 1763. • The Native Americans started to find themselves treated as subjects whose right and interests were regularly ignored.

16. PONTIAC’S REVOLT (3/7) • The native spiritual leader Neolin (the Delaware Prophet) was allied with the Ottawa chief, PONTIAC. • Within only a few weeks, the forts were captured and attacked including Forts Niagara and Detroit. • Settlements were burned and 200 settlers died.

17. PONTIAC’S REVOLT (4/7) • Hundreds of deaths occurred in the Delaware and Shawnee nations • due to the British giving the Native communities blankets infected of smallpox. • An uneasy peace was restored for both sides. • They knew they couldn't defeat each other.

18. PONTIAC’S REVOLT (5/7) The Royal Proclamation of 1763 - prohibited European settlements (west of the crest of the Appalachian Mountains) to prevent another revolt - by protecting Native American lands from trespassing settlers. To ensure that “the several nations or tribes of Indians, with whom the British Crown are connected, and who live under protection, should not be molested or disturbed.”

19. Pontiac’s revolt (6/7) • British government hoped the policy would preserve the fur trade and renew previous alliances. • Colonial farmers’ demanded for and to replace their old land that they have “worn out”. • British soldiers were unwilling to pay sufficient soldiers along the frontier to control settlement

20. PONTIAC’S REVOLT (7/7) • The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was a failure • It created a deep resentment by the colonists • who were hungry for fresh farmland • & angry because the end of the French control in North America didn’t open territories to settlement • The Native Americans were NOT happy too – since British guarantees to protect their lands were WORTHLESS

21. the expulsion of the Acadians (1/3) • There was an uncertain relationship between the Acadians and the New England colonies. • There was war between Britain and France. • The French farmer (the Acadians) did close trading with the New England colonies. • In 1730, Acadians swore allegiance to Britain on condition that they would not be required to take up arms against France

22. the expulsion of the acadians (2/3) • The British feared Acadians might support French invasion of the colony. • In July 1755, Gov. Lawrence of Nova Scotia demanded Acadians to swear an oath w/o conditions. • When they disapproved, Lawrence ordered the Acadians to be deported • So they were: • placed on ships • their farms & villages were burned • & in most cases families were split up

23. the expulsion of the Acadians (3/3) • Almost 7,000 Acadians were deported during 1755. • They were sent to France and Quebec and throughout the American colonies. • As Catholics, they were unwelcomed and were later on sent to England as a result of opposition from the colony. • Some settled in Louisiana and their descendants became known as Cajuns.

24. The struggle for empire