Gregg Henriques, Ph.D. James Madison University

1. Behavioral From Racing Horses to Seeing the Elephant Humanistic Psychodynamic Cognitive Gregg Henriques, Ph.D. James Madison University Behavioral

2. Unified Approaches are Increasing in Numbers • Seymour Epstein “Integration of the Cognitive and the Psychodynamic Unconscious” • Erica Moses & David Barlow “A New Unified Treatment Approach for Emotional Disorders Based on Emotion Science” • Dan McAdams“A New Big Five” • Jeffery Magnavita’s Unified Psychotherapy • Jack Mayer’s General Systems approach to Personality • Sternberg’s Unified Psychology

3. What Is the Tree of Knowledge System? The Tree of Knowledge (ToK) System is a new approach to the theoretical unification of psychology in particular and the sciences more generally. The outline of the ToK System was published in Review of General Psychology in 2003, and in that article, the metatheoretical lens provided by the system was used to unite Skinner and Freud. The focus was on these two luminaries because when one simultaneously considers their influence and the divergence of their theoretical positions, it is readily arguable that they represent the two most difficult positions to integrate.

4. The Justification for the Need for More Integrated Scientific Knowledge Is Offered by Oliver Reiser in 1958 In this time of divisive tendencies within and between the nations, races, religions, sciences and humanities, synthesis must become the great magnet which orients us all…[Yet] scientists have not done what is possible toward integrating bodies of knowledge created by science into a unified interpretation of man, his place in nature, and his potentialities for creating the good society. Instead, they are entombing us in dark and meaningless catacombs of learning. (Reiser, 1958, p. 2-3).

5. Gallup Poll on Question of Creation for American Public

6. Building the ToK System

11. Humans split off from their nearest relatives ~5 MYA, evolving into a whole different dimension of complexity

12. Science emerges several hundred years ago, and functions to map the evolution of complexity

13. The Following Diagram From Reiser’s 1958 Book Shows Striking Similarities and Important Differences

14. The ToK System Gives Rise to a “Four Dimensional” World View

15. Four Fundamental Levels of Complexity

16. Four Fundamental Classes of Science

17. Four Fundamental Classes of Objects

18. The Structure of the ToK Suggests the Existence of Four Fundamental Theories; Two of Which Are Missing

19. The Current State of the Field Psychology is currently a poorly organized set of ideas that exists between Skinner and Freud on the one hand and Biology and Sociology on the other.

21. Three Other Ideas That Complete the ToK System • Behavioral Investment Theory • The Influence Matrix • The Justification Hypothesis

22. The first theory that is “missing” is called: Behavioral Investment Theory A Theory of the Evolution of Mind

23. What is Behavioral Investment Theory? BIT is the idea that the nervous system is a computational control system that computes the expenditure of behavioral energy on an investment value system built via evolution and learning. It unifies Skinner’s radical behaviorism with cognitive neuroscience and places it on a solid evolutionary foundation

24. BIT Organizes the Aspects of Psychological Science Most Associated With the Natural Sciences. However, BIT does not provide a full account of human behavior…

25. Peggy La Cerra Offered an Identical Model in 2003 “Evolutionary processes have crafted intelligence systems that are fundamentally designed to acquire, manage, and direct energetic resources toward the maintenance of life processes and the attainment of life-stage specific goals.” “Scientific psychology is on the cusp of a seismic shift into this energy framework, and in the foreseeable future, the social sciences will be rectified with the physical laws of energy. It is only a matter of time before student of human nature consensually agree that the first law of psychology is the second law of thermodynamics.”

26. Orients toward approach goals Expend energy to acquire resource Focus on “benefit” side of behavioral equation Left Prefrontal Extraversion Positive affect Orients toward avoidance goals Conserve acquired resource Focus on cost/loss/threat Right Prefrontal Neuroticism Negative affect The Two Broad Bio-Behavioral Systems Behavioral Activation System Behavioral Inhibition

27. A Useful Heuristic that Emerges Out of BIT: P - M = E P= perception of where you currently are in relation to achieving some need/goal M= motivation/memory, an internal representation of some goal structure based on genetics and prior learning E= emotion, which stems from the discrepancy between where one is and where one desires to be in relation to a particular need/goal.

28. Applying the Principles of BIT and the P – M = E equation to social behavior gives rise to the… The Influence Matrix An Integrated Model of Social Motivation and Affect

29. The first basic assumption of the IM is that social influence is a resource all humans are motivated to acquire.

30. The Second Assumption The second basic assumption is that there are three conceptually distinct dimensions underlying social influence. Specifically, they are: 1) power (competitive influence); 2) love (cooperative influence); and 3) freedom (freedom from influence).

34. The Third Assumption The third assumption of the IM is that a person’s emotions provide feedback to them as they either succeed or fail in relationship to achieving the goals.

36. The Fourth Assumption The three dimensions of power, love and freedom are dynamically interrelated in that changes in one dimension lead to changes in another. Consider the old political adage, “It is better to be feared than loved.”

38. The Fifth Assumption • The reasons we give for our behavior are guided in part by the underlying motivational tendencies toward maximizing social influence. • Indeed, the connection between human reasoning, language and social motivation is more clearly specified in the final piece of the puzzle…the Justification Hypothesis

39. The Justification Hypothesis A New Theory of Human Self-Consciousness and the Evolution of Culture

40. The Justification Hypothesis Is the Mind-to-culture Joint Point

41. What Is the Justification Hypothesis? • The JH is the notion that humans have an elaborate self-awareness system because the evolution of language created the problem of justification. In brief, humans became the only animal that had to explain why it did what it did.

42. The Three Claims That Organize the JH • Freud’s fundamental observation was that the human consciousness system functions as a justification filter for behavioral investments. • This justification filter evolved because language creates the “problem of justification.” • The Justification Hypothesis provides the psychological foundation for a unified theory of culture and links the individual level of analysis (human psychology) with the social level (macro social sciences) using the same language of justification systems.

43. Justification Systems • Justifications are the reasons we use to validate our actions. (For example, a parent might justify why she sets the rules by saying: “It is my house, I pay the bills, I tell you what to do—not the reverse.”) • Each individual has their own worldview, their own system of justification. • Differences in justification systems become apparent in times of conflict. • Large scale justification systems organize society

44. Together, Behavioral Investment Theory and the Justification Hypothesis Suggest a Two Domain Model of the Human Mind (a point made by many theorists)

45. Justifying Mind Filtering Experiencing Mind OVERT BEHAVIOR

46. The Justification Hypothesis SuggestsTwo Domains of Justification • Explaining ourselves to ourselves • Within the context of self-awareness (private) • The “Freudian Filter” • Explaining ourselves to others • Within the social context (public) • The “Rogerian Filter”

47. Large Scale Justification Systems Private Self Public Self Public Self Private Self Exper Self Exper Self Overt Behavioral Investments

48. In Sum… • We must do a better job organizing our field • The Four Major Pieces of The ToK System—The Diagram, Behavioral Investment Theory, The Influence Matrix, and the Justification Hypothesis offer a new metatheoretical perspective on the field which can help us move more from racing horse to…

49. Seeing the Elephant!