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Evolution Part 1

Evolution Part 1. 1. Who is the naturalist credited for the evolution theory?. Charles Darwin. 2. What is the definition for evolution?. Species change over time. 3. What are the two animals that Darwin studied on the Galapagos Islands and what characteristics did he study?.

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Evolution Part 1

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  1. Evolution Part 1

  2. 1. Who is the naturalist credited for the evolution theory? Charles Darwin

  3. 2. What is the definition for evolution? • Species change over time

  4. 3. What are the two animals that Darwin studied on the Galapagos Islands and what characteristics did he study? • Tortoises-different shell shapes to reach food • -Finches-distinct beak shapes for different food

  5. 4. What is the idea that each living species has descended from older species called? • Descent with modification

  6. 5. Darwin's theory of evolution was based on _____ ______which states that useful variations for their environment survive & reproduce successfully resulting in evolution of a species. • Natural Selection

  7. 6. Phenotypes, physical traits, that are favorable and passed onto offspring is associated with what memorable phrase? • Survival of the Fittest!

  8. 7. How can lethal alleles be passed on through generations? • It can be hidden by the dominant alleles/traits in carriers

  9. 8. What does natural selection act upon? • The phenotype

  10. 9. What determines which variation is considered useful and passed on? • The environment/nature

  11. 10. What are characteristics called that make individuals different within the same species? • Variations

  12. 11. Does larger or smaller variations in a species increase the chance of a species survival? Why? • Increase • They will be able to survive a larger variety of environmental situations

  13. 12. Are mutations good, bad, and/or neither? • All of the above

  14. 13. What is a variation called that helps an organism survive in its environment? • Adaptations

  15. 14. How are adaptations chosen and who/what chooses them? • The adaptations that help the organism survive in the environment

  16. 15. What can happen to a species without the right adaptations? • It can become extinct or endangered

  17. 16. What is it called when an organism blends into the surrounding? Give an example. • Camouflage- chameleon/walking stick/leaf frog

  18. 17. What is it called when a species resembles a harmful species in physical appearance or behavior? Give an example. • Mimicry-hornet and bee

  19. 18. What are the four main causes of evolution? • -Natural Selection • -Migration • -Genetic Drift • -Mutation

  20. 19. What is the most common cause of offspring variation from sexual reproduction and gamete formation? • Gene shuffling

  21. 20. What is a random change in DNA that can cause evolution? List the 2 main types and define them. • Mutation • -Frameshift/Point Mutations

  22. 21.What is migration also known as? • Gene flow

  23. 22.Genetic drift is a ________change in allele frequency random

  24. 23.Genetic drift affects ______ and ______type of populations most. small isolated

  25. 24.What is a change in allele frequency due to the migration of small subgroups starting new populations? • Founder effect

  26. 25.Does the founder effect cause identical populations to the ones they migrated from? • No-it depends on the founding alleles

  27. 26.Nonrandom mating means that mates are chosen by how __ ____they are, which leads to a ______ chance for survival fit better

  28. 27.What cause acts on the phenotype? • Natural Selection

  29. 28.What is it called when there is no change in a population over many generations? Does it occur often? • Genetic equilibrium-it is very rare

  30. 29.What is the principle that allele frequency will remain the same unless 1 or more factors change. • Hardy-Weinberg

  31. 30.To achieve genetic equilibrium: • No-mutations occur • No-gene flow/migration in or out • No-natural selection • Yes-individuals mate randomly • Yes-large gene pool

  32. 31.What is all of the alleles in a population called? • Gene pool

  33. 32What does stabilizing selection favor? Draw a diagram. • Favors the average individuals

  34. 33.What does stabilizing selection reduce? • Reduces variations

  35. 34.What does directional selection favor? Draw a diagram. • One extreme

  36. 35.Directional selection can lead to what? • Rapid evolution of a new species

  37. 36.What does disruptive selection favor? Draw a diagram. • BOTH extremes of the species

  38. 37.Disruptive selection can lead to what • 2 new species?

  39. 38.What are the 5 main types of proof used for evolution? • -Fossil Records (accumulation of fossil information) • -Homologous structures • -Vestigial structures • -Embryonic structures • -DNA similarities

  40. 39.What shows the accumulation of information that shows the pattern of change amongst past living things? • Fossil record

  41. 40.What are remains of earlier life called? • Fossils

  42. 41.What type of rock are most fossils in? • Sedimentary

  43. 42.What are the 5 main types of fossils? • -Casts • -Molds • -Amber • -Imprints • -Petrified

  44. 43.What are the 3 main things that fossil records can prove? Briefly describe each • Biological diversity-kinds of organisms • -Episodic speciation-when a new species appears • -Mass extinction-when there is a sudden disappearance of an organism

  45. 44.What are the 2 main types of fossil dating? Briefly describe each. • -Radioactive dating-measuring the amount of radioactive element (Carbon 14 usually) left in the fossil • -Relative Dating-Comparing fossils against other fossils from the same layer of Earth

  46. 45.How do you figure the half life? • By measuring time it takes for ½ the radioactive element to decay

  47. 46What type of evidence shows similar patterns of an organisms' parts (though may have different functions) indicating that they have recent common ancestors. Give an example • Homologous structures-ex. Bird’s wing to human arm to penguin forelimb, to alligator arm to whale fin

  48. 47.What type of evidence is that an organism has a part that has no current function, but was functional to their ancestors? Give an example. • Vestigial structures-appendix, pelvic bones in whales, wings for ostriches

  49. 48.What type of evidence shows similarities of the earliest stages of life? Give an example. • Embryology-mammals, birds, and reptiles all have tails and gill slits as embryos

  50. 49.What type of evidence shows a close relationship in the cells codes? Give an example. • DNA-chimpanzees are 98% chromosomally similar to humans

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