BIOLOGY 1282 – LECTURE 2

1. BIOLOGY 1282 – LECTURE 2 • RECAP • INSTRUCTOR: ALIE PATRICK KOROMA • OFFICE: LIFE SCIENCE BLG RM 466 • OFFICE HOURS: 11:30 a.m.-12:30 P.M Monday and 12 noon to 2 P.M on Fridays • EMAIL: Koroma@exchange.uta.edu • 1282 web address: www.uta.edu/biology click on syllabus and then 1282 for syllabus. • Powerpoints posted: www.uta.edu/biology/alie/index.htm or

2. TODAYS MENU • ADAPTATION –ADAPTIVE COLORATION NATURAL SELECTION (Video) • READ PAGES 15-19 • Assignment 1 due • Assignment 2: Questions 1-10 (pg 23) • Summary of Lab (1)

3. ADAPTIVE COLORATION • Form and nature of color result of natural selection • Types • 1. Cryptic Coloration a.k.a. camouflage • 2. Aposematic Coloration a.k.a warning coloration • Flash Color a.k.a Startle coloration

4. Cryptic Coloration a.k.a. camouflage The sand dab nightjar bird

5. A moth The leafy sea dragon This cactus Florida treehopper insects

6. Camouflage assists predators a cheetah a frogfish

7. Warning coloration The South American poison arrow frog

8. The bombardier beetle A monarch caterpillar Chemical warfare

9. Startle coloration caterpillar larva of the swallowtail butterfly the false-eyed frog The peacock moth

10. ADAPTIVE COLORATION AND MIMICRY • Types of Mimicry • 1. Batesian mimicry: resemblance to an unplatable or venomous species (the model) • 2. Mullerian mimicry: all mimic species have similar warning coloration. Are usually toxic or harmful

11. mountain king snake coral snake viceroy monarch butterfly

12. Visual and behavioral mimicry the snowberry fly a jumping spider

13. Darwin Evolution Natural Selection Species Population Adaptation Fossils Evidence of Evolution Survival of the fittest Natural selection based on three conditions Natural selection acts on the population or species?? NATURAL SELECTIONTHINGS TO WATCH FOR IN VIDEO

14. Natural selection and observations • Natural selection is based on three observations/conditions • 1. more young are produced than can survive • 2. variation exists between individuals • 3. The variation is inherited

15. How Does Natural Selection Work? • Figure below: A flowchart of evolutionary reasoning • Modern Genetics Confirmed Darwin’s Assumption of Inheritance • Natural Selection Modifies Populations Over Time

16. Potential for rapid reproduction Relatively constant resources and population size over time Competition for survival and reproduction Variability in structures and behaviors NATURAL SELECTION: On the average, the fittest organisms leave the most offspring Some variability is inherited EVOLUTION: The genetic makeup of the population changes over time, driven by natural selection Observation Conclusion based on observation SUMMARY OF EVOLUTION

17. How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred? • Fossils Provide Evidence of Evolutionary Change Over Time • Comparative Anatomy Gives Evidence of Descent with Modification • Homologous Structures Provide Evidence of Common Ancestry • Figure Homologous structures

18. humerus ulna radius Pterodactyl carpals Dolphin metacarpals Dog phalanges Human Bird Bat Seal Sheep Shrew GRASPING FLYING RUNNING SWIMMING

19. How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred? • Functionless Structures Are Inherited from Ancestors • Figure Vestigial structures

20. Salamander Baleen whale Boa constrictor

21. How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred? • Some Anatomical Similarities Result from Evolution in Similar Environments • Figure Analogous structures

23. How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred? • Embryological Similarity Suggests Common Ancestry • Figure Embryological stages reveal evolutionary relationships

24. Embryological stages reveal evolutionary relationships pig lemur human

25. How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred? • Modern Biochemical and Genetic Analyses Reveal Relatedness Among Diverse Organisms

26. What Is the Evidence That Populations Evolve by Natural Selection? • Evolution by Natural Selection Occurs Today • When Fewer Predators Are Present, Brighter Coloration Can Evolve • Natural Selection Can Lead to Pesticide Resistance • Experiments Can Demonstrate Natural Selection • Selection Acts on Random Variation to Favor the Traits That Work Best in Particular Environments • Controlled Breeding Modifies Organisms

27. Batesian and Mullerian Mimicry Adaptive Coloration-Types Adaptation Fossils Evidence of Evolution Darwin Evolution Natural Selection Species Natural selection based on three conditions Natural selection acts on the population or species?? KEY WORDS

28. LAB • Lab Exercise 1 pg 16-18. • The data should be graphed using a spreadsheet. (Line Graph) • Write a short report on the lab. The following format to be used: Title; Hypothesis/Purpose; Results; Conclusions. • Summary Report and Assignment due next class.

29. Summary • Title: has to be appropriate (4 points) • Hypothesis (2 points) • The frequency of the allele/individual that is most adaptive will increase in the population and eventually become dominant • Results: (2 points for explanation, 2 points for tables & 4 points for graph) • Include two tables and a two graphs (Refer to example in class). • Explain your table and graph in words to show the trends or numbers obtained • Frequency is calculated as number of individuals of a particular group divided by total population

30. Summary Cont • Discussion/Conclusion: (6 points: 2 points reject/accept hypothesis and 4 points explanation) • Reject and accept your hypothesis based on your results • Explain your results. How do they fit with your knowledge about your idea about how adaptive coloration affects predation rate. • Think about the idea that populations and not individuals evolve. Also the prey with the color that is most adaptive will be hard to see and catch by the predator therefore survives and breeds. • Draw conclusion