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Infantile diarrhea and fluid therapy

Infantile diarrhea and fluid therapy. Mizu Jiang. Children’s Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine. Contents. 1. 腹泻定义及流行病学. 2. 腹泻病原学及发病机制. 3. 临床表现及脱水评估. 4 . 实验室检查及血气分析. 5 . 腹泻治疗原则及补液. 4. 治疗策略. 6 . 腹泻的家庭治疗及预防. ZJCH.

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Infantile diarrhea and fluid therapy

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  1. Infantile diarrhea and fluid therapy Mizu Jiang Children’s Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine

  2. Contents 1. 腹泻定义及流行病学 2.腹泻病原学及发病机制 3. 临床表现及脱水评估 4. 实验室检查及血气分析 5. 腹泻治疗原则及补液 4. 治疗策略 6. 腹泻的家庭治疗及预防 ZJCH

  3. Definition: increased total daily stool output (> 10g/kg/d), is usually associated with increased stool water content. Loose consistency(性状改变):watery diarrhea, mucous diarrhea, bloody diarrhea Increased stool frequency(次数增多,>3次/日) Duration Acute (< 14 d) Persistent (14 d to 2 m) Chronic (> 2 m) What is diarrhea?

  4. High Childhood Morbidity Epidemiology 1.3 billion episodes/ year in <5y children

  5. High Childhood Mortality 3-5 million deaths/ year in <5ychildren

  6. 2008-2011年全国法定报告传染病发病数排序

  7. 2011年全国其他感染性腹泻报告病例--职业分布 散居儿童 发病数:422752例 发病构成比:50.53% 死亡数:15例 死亡构成比:65.22%

  8. 2011年全国感染性腹泻病原学诊断病例报告情况2011年全国感染性腹泻病原学诊断病例报告情况

  9. Major Contributor to Malnutrition Diarrhea Malnutrition

  10. Enteropathogens of diarrhea Infectious Causes

  11. Developed Countries Less Developed Countries Parasites Unknown Rotavirus Unknown Rotavirus Otherbacteria Escherichia coli Bacteria Adenovirus Adenovirus Astrovirus Calicivirus Astrovirus Calicivirus Epidemiology Epidemiology Distribution of pathogens reported to cause endemic/epidemic gastroenteritis and infantile vomiting and diarrhea From Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM. Rotaviruses. In: Fields Virology 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 1996:1659.

  12. Acute diarrhea in European children (0–5 y) ZJCH J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, Vol. 46, Suppl. 2, May 2008

  13. Rotavirus Enteric adenovirus Norwalk virus Astrovirus Echo virus Coxsackis virus Coronary virus Viruses

  14. 致泻性大肠埃希菌(Diarrheagenic E.coli, DEC) 肠致病性大肠埃希菌(Enteropathogenic E.coli, EPEC) 肠产毒性大肠埃希菌(Enterotoxigenic E.coli,ETEC) 产志贺毒素大肠埃希菌(Shiga toxin-producing E.coli,STEC):一般为O157:H7血清型 肠侵袭性大肠埃希菌(Enteroinvasive E.coli,EIEC) 肠聚集性大肠埃希菌(Enteroaggregative E.coli,EAEC) Bacteria

  15. Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia, Others:Salmonella, Aeromonas hydrophila, Clostridium difficile, Staphylococcal aureus, Bacillus pyocyaneus, Bacillus proteus Bacteria

  16. Parasites: Giardia lamblia Cryptosporidium parvum Strongyloides stercoralis Blastocystishominis Fungus: Candida albicans Parasites and Fungus

  17. Table Sex and age distribution of cryptosporidium infection Age(y) Positive rate% (positive cases/checked cases) Male Female Total 0 ~ 6.2 (13/ 209) 4.9 (6/ 123) 5.7 (19/ 332)* 1 ~ 16.3 (17/ 104) 20.0 (12/ 60) 17.7 (29/ 164) 4 ~ 10 16.6 (6/ 36) 18.7 (3/ 16) 17.3 (9/ 52) Total 10.3 (36/ 349) 10.6 (21/ 199) 10.4 (57/ 548) *, P<0.01 (陆绍红,等. 中国人兽杂志 2000) Cryptosporidium infection in children with diarrhea in Zhejiang Province

  18. Enteropathogens that cause Diarrhea in Infants and Children

  19. Enteropathogens that cause Diarrhea in Infants and Children

  20. 发病机制尚不清楚。大多认为病毒侵袭小肠绒毛上皮刷状缘(含双糖酶),引起细胞变性坏死和脱落,影响肠上皮的吸收功能,大量水份、电解质在腔内积聚,导致吸收障碍性腹泻。发病机制尚不清楚。大多认为病毒侵袭小肠绒毛上皮刷状缘(含双糖酶),引起细胞变性坏死和脱落,影响肠上皮的吸收功能,大量水份、电解质在腔内积聚,导致吸收障碍性腹泻。 由于双糖酶大量破坏,造成双糖吸收不良,并引起渗透性腹泻 。 病毒性腹泻发病机制

  21. 依据病原体对肠黏膜的侵袭程度分为: 侵入固有层和肠系膜淋巴结:侵入固有层,被巨噬细胞吞噬,并大量繁殖,导致渗出性腹泻。还可进入肠系膜淋巴结内,引起全身感染或毒血症。 见于沙门菌、空肠弯曲菌、耶尔森菌、少数志贺菌。 穿透固有层、侵及全身:肠上皮细胞病变轻微、细菌穿透黏膜上皮达固有层,巨噬细胞聚集,在肠系膜淋巴结繁殖,可进入体循环导致菌血症。 见于伤寒杆菌 细菌性腹泻发病机制 (聂青和:感染性腹泻的发病机制及其研究进展 继续教育2007、5,P10)

  22. 依据病原体对肠黏膜的侵袭程度分为: 产生肠毒素:病原菌仅在小肠内繁殖,粘附于黏膜,释放致病性肠毒素,引起分泌性腹泻。 如:ETEC、耶尔森菌。 侵袭和破坏上皮细胞:直接侵入肠上皮细胞生长、繁殖,导致细胞功能障碍和坏死。 细菌性腹泻发病机制

  23. 婴儿腹泻临床表现 腹泻: 大便每日≥3次 粪便的性状异常 恶心、呕吐 病情严重者: 脱水、电解质紊乱 甚至休克

  24. The most common causes of dehydration in children are vomiting and diarrhea. Dehydration is classified by the percentage of total body water lost: mild (<5%), moderate (5-10%), and severe (>10%). A variety of signs and symptoms and ancillary data help to estimate the degree of dehydration. Determination of hydration status

  25. 脱水 minimal or no dehydration (<3% loss of body weight) mild to moderate dehydration (5%–10% loss of body weight) severe dehydration (>10% loss of body weight) 10% 5% 3% 无 轻度 中度 重度 脱水程度 ZJCH

  26. Classification of dehydration severity by WHO World Health Organization. Pocket Book of Hospital Care for Children: Guidelines for the Management of Common Illnesses with Limited Resources. Geneva: WHO; 2005. ZJCH

  27. Classification of dehydration severity by ESPGHAN ZJCH Sandhu BK.Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2001;33 Suppl 2:S36–9.

  28. Classification of dehydration severity by the American Subcommittee on Acute Gastroenteritis ZJCH Pediatrics 1996;97:424–35.

  29. Symptoms and signs with red flags may help to identify children at increased risk of progression to shock. ZJCH

  30. ZJCH Steiner MJ, DeWalt DA, Byerley JS. Is this child dehydrated? JAMA.2004;291:2746–54.

  31. 脱水的评估-problem 脱水最好的评估:体重下降。但发病前的具体体重往往并不确定 往往存在医生过度的评估了患儿的脱水情况(延迟补液/过多静脉补液) 临床对脱水的判断相对粗糙,临床评分标准并不完全行之有效 母亲供述尿量正常意味脱水可能性下降,尿量减少并不增加脱水可能(A) ZJCH

  32. 脱水判断-最主要的体征 皮肤弹性、毛细血管充盈时间、异常的呼吸方式 (III, C) ZJCH

  33. 易脱水情况 低体重 24小时呕吐>4次* 没有补液或补液困难 <1岁,尤其6月以下 前24小时腹泻次数>5次 患病期间停止母乳喂养婴幼儿 伴有短肠、代谢疾病、发育迟缓的婴幼儿* ZJCH

  34. 常见几种类型肠炎的临床特点

  35. 腹泻的严重性及相关因素 脱水 急性腹泻的严重性主要与脱水的程度密切相关; 发热、呕吐症状往往是急性RV的常见症状; 也是腹泻严重脱水、需要住院的重要因素; 年龄 <6月婴儿的有较高脱水情况与轮状病毒的高暴露有关(III); 发展中国家发现<6月的婴儿所致的腹泻更严重且容易导致迁延性腹泻(II) 腹泻 住院时年龄小、免疫缺陷、营养不良、监护人接受医学知识教育少、 与腹泻病人同住或房间内有3位患者以上; 在2周内接触腹泻病人;旅游;部分母乳喂养、人工喂养、早期断奶; 幼托机构、慢性病或免疫缺陷的患者 其他 病原体 轮状病毒、诺如病毒、星状病毒、粘附型大肠杆菌、 非典型大肠杆菌是欧洲婴儿持续性腹泻的主要病原菌(III); 轮状病毒是儿童期最重要的致病原(III); 医院获得性腹泻并不比社区获得的腹泻更严重 ZJCH

  36. 婴儿腹泻的实验室检查 血液学检查: 血白细胞计数及中心粒细胞比例: 敏感性100%,特异性97%;PPV9%,NPV100% CRP: >12 mg/dL 敏感性77% ,特异性89% ;PPV 91%, NPV 72%,OR 25.8 (95%CI 7.58-87.93) ESR:敏感性、特异性均较低 降钙素原: 较高的特异性,但对细菌性/非细菌性的敏感性不够 ZJCH

  37. 粪便快速检测 粪便WBC、OB、 乳铁蛋白 钙卫蛋白 对指导抗菌素的应用均 有中等度的临床指导意义 ZJCH Gill CJ, Lau J, Gorbach SL, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:365–75.

  38. 粪便培养:急性腹泻病人并不推荐常规进行粪便的培养粪便培养:急性腹泻病人并不推荐常规进行粪便的培养 不推荐原因: (1)感染性急性腹泻主要由病毒引起,极少培养出致病细菌 (2)培养需要2-3天,大多数病人在此期间已经得到治疗,并且病情已经改善 (3)费用高(美国US$900-1500) (4)部分菌在健康者中携带,干扰了培养结果的准确性 粪便培养适用于: (1)24小时粪便次数>10次 (2)出国旅游 (3)发热 (4)年龄大儿童 (5)血便或粘液便 (6)腹痛(P<0.001) (7)某些疗效不佳的情况 迁延性腹泻 IBD (8)全身状况不佳 (9)怀疑食物中毒 (10)爆发流行(D) ZJCH

  39. 症状&病原体 症状 病原体 血便/便中带血 预示细菌性感染 阳性预测值(PPV)0.3,阴性预测值(NPV)0.91 高热(>40℃) 提示细菌感染的PPV较低,具有较高的NPV 中度发热对判断何种病原菌感染无意义 腹 痛 腹痛对细菌感染有中等的PPV 中枢神经症状 与细菌感染有较高的相关性(尤志贺氏菌/沙门氏菌) 呼吸道感染 通常提示病毒感染,需同时结合季节性考虑 Total 没有循证医学的证据对判别细菌或病毒感染有更高的PPV ZJCH

  40. 血气分析、电解质监测: 急性腹泻一般无需电解质的监测(AAP) 脱水大多为等渗性脱水 需电解质的测定 对中度以上脱水 病史体征与腹泻程度不一致 需要静脉补液的患者 怀疑高钠血症 12小时以上无尿(D) ZJCH

  41. pH 7.35-7.45 PO2 80-100mmHg PCO2 35-45mmHg [HCO3-] 20-28mmol/L SBE -3-3mmol/L Na+ 135-145mmol/L K+ 3.5-5.5mmol/L Cl- 96-108mmol/L Mg + 0.62-0.94mmol/L Normal values of an arterial blood gas

  42. The ICF and the ECF are in osmotic equilibrium. The plasma osmolality is normally 285-295 mOsm/kg: Osmolality=2[Na+]+[Glucose]/18+[BUN]/2.8 Clinically, the primary process is usually a change in the osmolality of the ECF, with a resultant shift of water into the ICF if the ECF osmolality decreases. Osmolality

  43. Definition: 指溶液中电解质所产生的渗透压 正常血浆渗透压:300mmol/L Isotonicity: 与正常血浆渗透压相等时为1个张力,即等张 Hypotonicity: 低于正常血浆渗透压 Hypertonicity: 高于正常血浆渗透压 Tonicity

  44. Sodium disorders Isotonicdehydration: [Na+] 130-150mmol/L Hypotonicdehydration: [Na+] <130mmol/L Hypertonicdehydration: [Na+] >150mmol/L Potassium disorders Hyperkalemia: [K+] >5.5mmol/L Hypokalemia: [K+] <3.5mmol/L Electrolyte Disorders

  45. The bicarbonate buffer system is based on the relationship between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate: CO2+H2O ←→ H++HCO3- [H+]=24×PCO2 /[HCO3-] pH=6.1+log[HCO3-]/[CO2] Inverse relationship between pH and [H+] Acid-base balance

  46. According to AG= [Na+] - ([HCO3-] + [Cl-]) Normal type: 8-16mmol/L [HCO3- ] Increased type: >16mmol/L [H+] According to [HCO3-] Mild [HCO3-] 18-13mmol/L Moderate [HCO3-] 13-9mmol/L Severe [HCO3-] <9mmol/L Metabolic Acidosis

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