PSYCHOANALYTICAL APROACH Key figures: Freud, Jung, Adler, Horney

1. PSYCHOANALYTICAL APROACHKey figures: Freud, Jung, Adler, Horney • Personality is…it arises from a conflict between our aggressive pleasure seeking biological impulses & the internalized social restraints against them. It is a way of expressing impulses that brings satisfaction w/o guilt or punishment. • Assessments: • Freudian treatment approaches: dream analysis, hypnosis, free association • Projective tests: • TAT: Thematic Apperception Test • Rorschach inkblot test Weakness: too subjective, potentially not reliable and/or valid

2. PSYCHOANALYTICAL APROACH • Strengths: • Importance of childhood • Power of the unconscious • Struggle with inner conflicts • Provided building blocks • Weaknesses: • Development a lifelong process not just childhood • Underestimate peer influence • Superiority of men belief • Dream theories • Repression myth? • Defining the unconscious (not as big as thought) • Lack of scientific methodology

3. ICEBURG ANALOGY OF THE MIND

4. FREUD’S COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY • 1. Id – “pleasure principle” unconsciousimpulses that want to be gratified, without regard to potential punishment….YOUR INNER CHILD • 2. Ego “reality principle”– moderates between the id and superego…YOU IN THE MIDDLE • 3. Superego – the “moral principle” of our personality which tells us right from wrong our conscience…YOURINNER PARENT

5. PSYCHOANALYTICAL APPROACH • TERMS TO KNOW: • Defense mechanisms: • Repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, & sublimation Freud’s stages of psychosexual development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, & genital

6. Trait Theory • Personality is…identifiable and measurable behavior patterns to be described, labeled & categorized. • The Greeks had 4: melancholic, sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric • Key figures: Allport, Myers & Briggs, Eysenck, Costa & McCrae • Assessment • Children: shy-inhibited or fearless-uninhibited • Type A or Type B • Body types: endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph • Myers-Briggs: thinking-feeling (Keirsey test is a version of this) • MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasice Personality Inventory…business, jobs, etc. • Eysenck: introvert/extrovert stable/unstable • Costa & McCrae: The Big 5: OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extroverted, agreeableness, neurotic)

7. Trait theory • Strengths • Objective tests • Averaging our behaviors reveals distinct personality traits • Individual differences are typically easily perceived. • Weaknesses • Self reports are ok, but peer reports seem better • Person-situation controversy: do personality trait persist over time & across situations or do situations influence us more than we like to admit? • Personality scores do not strongly predict behaviors…again situational influences

8. Humanistic theory • Personality is…our sense of self and should be viewed through the eyes of the subject not the researcher. • Key figures: Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers • Assessment • Sometimes subjective sometimes objective • The ideal vs. the actual self (when equitable, it is considered a + self-concept)

9. Humanistic theory • Strengths • The importance of the self • Significant influence on counseling, education, parenting, management • Emphasis on the individual reinforces Western values • Weaknesses • Is self-esteem a cause of personality or an effect of events? (self esteem is the core concept of this approach) • Self-serving bias: the tendency to perceive ourselves more favorably; adaptively, a good thing • Vague & subjective • Too much focus on the self? • Naively optimistic? What about evil?

10. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Personality is…a result of external events and how we interpret them. • Key players: Alfred Bandura (Bobo doll) • Reciprocal determinism: process of interacting w/ our environment • Assessment • Correlation & experimentation… putting people in situations and measuring their behaviors • Predictive power in past behavior patterns or simulated situations

11. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Do you feel the world is run by a few powerful people? • Do you feel that getting a good job depends mainly on being at the right place at the right time? • Do you feel that success and luck go hand in hand? • If so, you tend to have an external locus of control.

12. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Do you strongly believe that what happens to you is of your own doing? • Do you believe that the average person can influence government decisions? • Do you believe being successful is a matter of hard work? • If so, you tend to have an internal locus of control. • A sense of control is a human necessity or one may likely suffer from learned helplessness.

13. Culture’s influence • Individualistic societies: ME • Give priority to one’s own goals over the group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications • Typical of American, Western European, Australian & New Zealand cultures • Join groups but not as focused on group harmony • Collectivistic societies: WE • Give priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly • Typical of Eastern cultures (China, Japan, SE Asia) • Group harmony & connections to extended family are highly valued.

14. Social-Cognitive Perspective Strengths Notes the importance of the interaction of the person & situation Builds on research of learning & cognition • Weaknesses • Too much focus on the situation & not the individual’s traits • Where is the “person” in personality?