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Extending Problem Frames to Deal with Stakeholder Problems: An Agent- and Goal-Oriented Approach. Sam Supakkul Lawrence Chung The University of Texas at Dallas. A storm is coming… Is it a problem?. http://www.skystef.be/images/Lightning/slides/2008-06-02-1818-Kampenhout.jpg.
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Extending Problem Frames to Deal with Stakeholder Problems:An Agent- and Goal-Oriented Approach Sam Supakkul Lawrence Chung The University of Texas at Dallas
A storm is coming… Is it a problem? http://www.skystef.be/images/Lightning/slides/2008-06-02-1818-Kampenhout.jpg
Yes, if we want outdoor fun http://www.alphabetgolf.co.uk/alphabetgolf.co.uk/Outdoor%20Party%20Dance.jpg
No, if we’re dying for it want healthy crops http://earthfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/egypt-drought.jpg http://coofweb.deza.admin.ch/pictures/nepal/nrm/en_maize_farmer.jpg
Same phenomenon problem blessing http://www.batt69.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/little-boy-who-didnt-buy-an-eddie-bauer-umbrella-he-got-caught-in-the-rain.gif
“Being wet” situational phenomenon “have outdoor fun” goal negatively affect cause phenomenon negatively affects someone’s goals “Storm” causal phenomenon
How to deal with stakeholder problems in software related applications?
London Ambulance Services (LAS) 1994 manual dispatch debacle http://www.publicrecordsguy.com/wp-content/uploads/jayci-yaeger.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/London_Ambulance_at_Abbey_Road.jpg/800px-London_Ambulance_at_Abbey_Road.jpg http://www.geograph.org.uk/photos/67/30/673019_1ca5dedb.jpg http://www.lancashire.police.uk/uploads/pics/hatecrime3.jpg
“Ineffective manual dispatch” situation Nasima’s “safety” goal negatively affect a sub-problem of cause “Ineffective comm. in the call center” situation “Physical movement of incident forms” operation Source:http://pro.corbis.com/images/42-15211039.jpg?size=67&uid={e94b3c3f-0338-426a-8bb8-a1289c55c307} http://www.raf-upper-heyford.org/Vehicle_Ops_Dispatch_office.jpg http://www.dr-dude.com/images/PaperStack.jpg http://www.royblakeley.name/roy_james_blakeley/lyndon_johnson_situation_room19680216.jpg http://www.keepnitsimple.org/images/purestock_1574r-01116.medium.jpg
LAS was developing a CAD system in early 90’s solves? How to ensure system solves stakeholder problem? http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/London_Ambulance_at_Abbey_Road.jpg/800px-London_Ambulance_at_Abbey_Road.jpg http://www.mobilecomms-technology.com/projects/astrid/images/new1.jpg http://www.ukemergency.co.uk/ambulance/dsc09044.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/London_Ambulance_on_Hamilton_Terrace_.jpg/250px-London_Ambulance_on_Hamilton_Terrace_.jpg
Requirements and specifications = software problem domains specifications requirements phenomena Software problem = what to be built by developers
How to make sure solves? software problem solves stakeholder problem?
“A problem unstated is a problem unsolved” -- Douglas Ross, 1977
Concepts to represent “Ineffective manual dispatch” situation Nasima’s “safety” goal soft-problem negatively affect softgoal Undesirable Situation Sub-problem of cause Undesirable Mechanism sub-problem “Ineffective comm. in the call center” situation “Physical movement of incident forms” operation
stakeholder problem = Phenomenon…negatively affectssomeone’sgoals Ineffective manual dispatchbreakspatient’ssafety Type[Topic]
stakeholder problem = phenomenon…hurtssomeone’sgoals Ineffective manual dispatchbreakspatient’ssafety
stakeholder problem = phenomenon…affectssomeone’sgoals Ineffective manual dispatchaffectspatient’ssafety
Root-cause analysis Problem Interdependency Graph (PIG)
Solving stakeholder problems Recover “Ineffective manual dispatch” situation Nasima’s “safety” goal negatively affect Detect Sub-problem of Prevent cause “Ineffective comm. in the call center” situation “Physical movement of incident forms” operation Contain/quarantine
Solving stakeholder problem Integrated Problem Interdependency Graph (PIG) and Softgoal Interdependency Graph (SIG)
OR AND Stakeholder problem sufficiently addressed? AND OR v (OR) ^ (AND)
How to make sure solves? software problem solves stakeholder problem?
Extended problem diagram Integrated PIG - SIG
Benefits of integrated problem- and goal-oriented analysis Ineffectiveness[ManualDispatch] problem vs. 1992 CAD solution
Limitations • behavioral solutions not traceable to • domain and phenomena • non- behavioral solutions not traceable
Observations Syntactic Semantic Problem ≠ negated goal Soft-problem Softgoal Solution ≠ negated problem
Conclusion Contributions stakeholder problems representation Soft-problem (Undesirable Situation, Undesirable Mechanism) Integrated root-cause and solution analysis PIG - SIG Traceability: agents, goals, stakeholder problems, s/w problems Extended problem diagram Future Work Detailed traceability solutions and domains/phenomena Integration with negative models e.g. anti-goal and abuse frames
no problem PIG – Problem Interdependency Graph Thank you
Benefits of using goal-oriented reasoning Recover affect Crew’s “safe return” goal “Loss of power and oxygen” situation Detect caused by caused by Contain/quarantine Prevent the cause “explosion of fuel cells” phenomenon
Fishbone Diagram http://www.diegm.uniud.it/create/Handbook/techniques/List/Immagini/FishboneDiagram.gif
Fault Tree http://www.qualitytrainingportal.com/resources/problem_solving/images/fault_tree.gif
The i* Framework Lin Liu, Eric Yu, and John Mylopoulos, “Security and Privacy Requirements Analysis within a Social Setting“, RE’03
Anti-goal Axel van Lamsweerde, “Elaborating Security Requirements by Construction of Intentional Anti-Models”, ICSE’04
Misuse Cases Guttorm Sindre and Andreas L. Opdahl, “Eliciting security requirements with misuse cases”, RE Journal, 2005
Abuse Frames L.Lin, et. al, “Analysing Security Threats and Vulnerabilities Using Abuse Frames”, Technical Report, October 2003
An integration of goals and problem frames Steven J. Bleistein, Karl Cox, and June Verner, “Validating strategic alignment of organizational IT requirements using goal modeling and problem diagrams”, Journal of Systems and Software, 2005