Step Up To: Discovering Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

1. Step Up To: Discovering Psychologyby John J. Schulte, Psy.D. From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 4e Worth Publishers (2007)

2. Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion I think I’m in love. You’re so emotional. I’m Hungry Concepts & Theories What’s it all mean?

3. Concepts & Theories 500 400 300 200 100

4. I’m Hungry 500 400 300 200 100

5. I think I’m in love. 500 400 300 200 100

6. You’re so emotional. 500 400 300 200 100

7. What’s it all mean? 500 400 300 200 100

8. 1. According to ____, people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming. • A) instinct theories • B) Darwinian theories • C) innate theories • D) activation theories

9. 2. Drive theories explain motivation by stressing our biological need to sustain: • A) a state of biological need. • B) drive equilibrium. • C) homeostasis. • D) fixed action patterns.

10. 3. ____ is to “push,” as ____ is to “pull.” • A) Drive; incentive • B) Instinct; drive • C) Arousal; homeostasis • D) Incentive; motivation

11. People are often motivated to do things in an effort to “seek out” stimulation. This observation is explained by the ___ theory. • A) incentive • B) drive • C) attention • D) arousal

12. 5. According to Abraham Maslow, some of our motivation must be attributable to: • A) meeting our basic psychological needs first. • B) our desire to be the best we can be. • C) wish fulfillment of our wants. • D) sensation seeking.

13. 6. Over time, most people experience ____, where the number of calories consumed matches the number of calories expended. • A) baseline body weight • B) energy balance • C) homogeneity • D) satiation

14. 7. After eating, there is a decline in the positive incentive value of specific foods you are eating. This is called: • A) positive incentive value. • B) negative reinforcement. • C) sensory-specific satiety. • D) energy homeostasis.

15. 8. Increased brain levels of neuropeptide Y has the effect of: • A) triggering eating behavior. • B) increasing body metabolism. • C) reducing fat storage. • D) increasing levels of leptin.

16. 9. People with ___ experience extreme episodes of binge eating, followed by purging through laxatives or enemas. • A) anorexia nervosa • B) binge-purge disorder • C) bulimia nervosa • D) weight cycling

17. 10. Four key features define anorexia nervosa and include all of the following, except the anorexic: • A) is intensely afraid of gaining weight. • B) has a distorted perception of his/her body. • C) refuses to maintain a minimally normal body weight. • D) recognizes he/she has an eating disorder.

18. 11. Evolutionary psychologists would argue that men seek mates who ____ and women seek mates who ____. • A) are attractive; are intelligent. • B) are attractive; are strong. • C) are feminine; masculine. • D) are young; are wealthy.

19. 12. After orgasm, the male experiences the typical response of: • A) sexual orientation. • B) refractory period. • C) excitement. • D) a nap.

20. 13. According to scientific studies on sexual orientation, homosexuality in males: • A) is established in childhood and remains fixed. • B) could possibly be changed if they wished to. • C) occurs as the result of an unpleasant heterosexual experience. • D) occurs after “recruitment” by other gay males in their teens.

21. 14. According to the National Health and Social Life Survey: • A) receiving oral sex was the most preferred sexual activity. • B) more than half the people had sex with two or more partners in the past year. • C) the vast majority of people had either one or no sexual partners in the past year. • D) most married people are dissatisfied with their sexual relationships.

22. 15. Sexual problems are most common among: • A) homosexuals. • B) older women and younger men. • C) young women and older men. • D) married men and women.

23. 16. For most artists, the motivation to create is not fueled by wealth. They engage in art because they enjoy it and find it challenging. They are driven by: • A) biological drive. • B) intrinsic motivation. • C) extrinsic motivation. • D) instinctual drive.

24. 17. When you are faced with a threatening stimulus, there is a “shortcut” neural pathway from the: • A) hypothalamus to the amygdala. • B) amygdala to the cerebral cortex. • C) hypothalamus to the medulla. • D) thalamus to the amygdala.

25. 18. Bandura believed that our motivation for achievement is related to our appraisal of our ability to succeed and called it: • A) cognitive-mediational theory. • B) self-efficacy. • C) faith-in-self hypothesis. • D) emotional intelligence.

26. 19. According to the cognitive-mediational theory of emotion: • A) our emotional response is determined by its personal meaning to us. • B) our emotional response is the interaction of physiological arousal and our cognitive label. • C) we experience emotion as the result of physiological changes. • D) none of the above.

27. 20. When Steven held a pen in his teeth, the comic strip he was reading seemed funnier to him. This was explained by the facial feedback hypothesis, which supports: • A) the two-factor theory. • B) the cognitive-mediational theory. • C) the James-Lange theory. • D) self-efficacy theory.

28. 21. Bob says, “Women are so emotional. Men are calmer and have much more emotional control.” You point out that, in actuality: • A) women experience more emotions than men. • B) different cultures dictate how men and women differ in handling emotion. • C) women more easily express their emotions. • D) all of the above are true.

29. 22. The idea that behavior is motivated by an internal biological need is a(n) ___ theory. • A) instinct • B) incentive • C) drive • D) humanistic

30. 23. Seeing the clock approach 12 noon can trigger our appetite as a result of: • A) operant conditioning. • B) ghrelin, the hunger hormone. • C) CCK hormone. • D) classical conditioning.

31. 24: Mark has a domineering mother and a weak, passive father. Based on research, it is likely that Mark: • A) will become homosexual. • B) could have any sexual orientation. • C) could definitely be bisexual. • D) will likely be abusive in sexual relationships.

32. 25. Emotion is a complex psychological response that involves three distinct components: • A) subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral response. • B) drive, instinct, and homeostasis. • C) internal feeling, facial display, and interpretation. • D) arousal, action, and reflection.

33. Congratulations!

34. Answers Stop here, or continue as a review

35. 1. According to ____, people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming. • A) instinct theories • B) Darwinian theories • C) innate theories • D) activation theories 299

36. 2. Drive theories explain motivation by stressing our biological need to sustain: • A) a state of biological need. • B) drive equilibrium. • C) homeostasis. • D) fixed action patterns. 300

37. 3. ____ is to “push,” as ____ is to “pull.” • A) Drive; incentive • B) Instinct; drive • C) Arousal; homeostasis • D) Incentive; motivation 301

38. People are often motivated to do things in an effort to “seek out” stimulation. This observation is explained by the ___ theory. • A) incentive • B) drive • C) attention • D) arousal 301

39. 5. According to Abraham Maslow, some of our motivation must be attributable to: • A) meeting our basic psychological needs first. • B) our desire to be the best we can be. • C) wish fulfillment of our wants. • D) sensation seeking. 302

40. 6. Over time, most people experience ____, where the number of calories consumed matches the number of calories expended. • A) baseline body weight • B) energy balance • C) homogeneity • D) satiation 303

41. 7. After eating, there is a decline in the positive incentive value of specific foods you are eating. This is called: • A) positive incentive value. • B) negative reinforcement. • C) sensory-specific satiety. • D) energy homeostasis. 305

42. 8. Increased brain levels of neuropeptide Y has the effect of: • A) triggering eating behavior. • B) increasing body metabolism. • C) reducing fat storage. • D) increasing levels of leptin. 306

43. 9. People with ___ experience extreme episodes of binge eating, followed by purging through laxatives or enemas. • A) anorexia nervosa • B) binge-purge disorder • C) bulimia nervosa • D) weight cycling 311

44. 10. Four key features define anorexia nervosa and include all of the following, except the anorexic: • A) is intensely afraid of gaining weight. • B) has a distorted perception of his/her body. • C) refuses to maintain a minimally normal body weight. • D) recognizes he/she has an eating disorder. 311

45. 11. Evolutionary psychologists would argue that men seek mates who ____ and women seek mates who ____. • A) are attractive; are intelligent. • B) are attractive; are strong. • C) are feminine; masculine. • D) are young; are wealthy. 314

46. 12. After orgasm, the male experiences the typical response of: • A) sexual orientation. • B) refractory period. • C) excitement. • D) a nap. 315

47. 13. According to scientific studies on sexual orientation, homosexuality in males: • A) is established in childhood and remains fixed. • B) can possibly be changed if they wished to. • C) occurs as the result of an unpleasant heterosexual experience. • D) occurs after “recruitment” by other gay males in their teens. 318

48. 14. According to the National Health and Social Life Survey: • A) receiving oral sex was the most preferred sexual activity. • B) more than half the people had sex with two or more partners in the past year. • C) the vast majority of people had either one or no sexual partners in the past year. • D) most married people are dissatisfied with their sexual relationships. 320

49. 15. Sexual problems are most common among: • A) homosexuals. • B) older women and younger men. • C) young women and older men. • D) married men and women. 322

50. 16. For most artists, the motivation to create is not fueled by wealth. They engage in art because they enjoy it and find it challenging. They are driven by: • A) biological drive. • B) intrinsic motivation. • C) extrinsic motivation. • D) instinctual drive. 325