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CLINICAL REASONING AND THE CARDIORESPIRATORY PATIENT. CONTENT. Background of clinical reasoning Associated problem lists Common Respiratory problems Problem list identification Goal setting Treatment planning SOAP notes. Background of clinical reasoning.
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CONTENT • Background of clinical reasoning • Associated problem lists Common Respiratory problems • Problem list identification • Goal setting • Treatment planning • SOAP notes
Background of clinical reasoning • Aiming to pull together assessment findings, analyse these and therefore make treatment plans tailored to the individual patient • Clinical reasoning is therefore your justification for your patient management
Background of clinical reasoning • Documented using POMR • Professional liability • Physiotherapy standards
Identify patients physio issues Set realistic targets for improvement Devise management plan Ongoing modification of plan Problem list Treatment goals Treatment plans SOAP notes Process POMR
POMR general comments • Patients can have similar diagnosis but have different problems/goals and plans • Format/layout can vary as can quality! • Dated and signed • Goals smart • Treatment plans must be progressed
Information gathering • Disease profile • Other documentation • Clinical assessment • Other documentation
Problem lists • Retention of secretions • Volume loss • Increased work of breathing • Reduced exercise tolerance
Associated problems • Poor pain control • Unstable cardiovascular system • Acute confusion • Musculoskeletal
Retention of secretions • Secretion retention • Inability to expectorate • Ineffective cough • Consolidation
Retention of secretions Identification • Disease profile and history • Secretions expectorated • CXR – consolidation/infiltrates • Moist cough • Coarse crackles on auscultation/fine crackles/bronchial breathing • +/- altered gas exchange • +/- raised temperature • Sputum culture
Retention of secretionsGoals • Independent expectoration within X days • Sputum volume -??? • Resolution of CXR findings • Resolution of auscultation findings
Retention of secretions Treatment plans • Positioning side lying • Nasopharyngeal suction • Manual techniques – vibs • See clearing techniques to clear secretion lecture
Increased work of breathing • Shortness of breath • Increased respiration rate • Use of accessory muscles
Increased WOBProblem identification • Disease profile and history • Increased respiration rate • Altered respiratory pattern • Use of accessory muscles • Breathlessness • Altered ABG
Increased WOBGoals • Borg scale of perceived breathlessness • Respiration rate decreased to X • No visible use of accessory muscles
Increased WOBTreatment options • Positioning • Breathing re-education/control • See increased work of breathing lecture
Decreased Volume • Volume loss • Anatomical area collapsed • Atelectasis
Decreased VolumeProblem identification • Disease profile and history • Auscultation – Bronchial breathing, fine crackles, breath sounds • CXR – raised diaphragm, collapse • Observation – breathing pattern • Altered gas exchange • Spirometry
Decreased VolumeGoals • Auscultation changes • CXR resolution • Incentive spirometry
Decreased VolumeTreatment options • Positioning • Thoracic expansion exercises/hold/sniff • Incentive spirometry • IPPB • Mobilisation
Reduced Exercise Tolerance • Reduced mobility • Reduced fitness • Distance mobilised
Reduced Exercise Tolerance Identification • Disease profile and history • Mobility status • Distance mobilised • Six minute walk test • Shuttle walk test
Reduced Exercise Tolerance Goals • Mobilise X metres with assistance in Y days • Climb 1 flight of stairs independently in Y days • Walk at X pace for Y minutes • Jog at x pace for Y minutes
Reduced Exercise Tolerance Treatment plans • Graduated mobilisation programme twice a day/daily routine • Walking aids • Oxygen therapy • Home programmes • Strengthening programmes
SOAP Notes • Subjective • Objective • Assessment/analysis • Plan
SOAP Notes • Do not have to always use every component of SOAP • Use assessment to highlight clinical reasoning or explain treatment outcome • Can alter problem/goal/plan and use notes to explain
Advances • Pre-printed lists • Unitary records • Integrated Care Pathways
Conclusion • Clinical reasoning is vital in the effective and efficient management of the cardiorespiratory patient
Example 1 Assessment findings • Post operative laparotomy • Bronchial breathing right base, reduced breath sounds left base • CXR – raised diaphragms R > L • Reduced expansion • Oxygen sats 94% on 4l oxygen
Physiotherapy Problems • Reduced Volume • Decreased mobility
Physiotherapy goalsShort term • Normal breath sounds in all areas in three days • Mobilise independently 30m in three days
Physiotherapy goals Long term • CXR normal in 7 days • Mobilise indep up and down 1 flight of stairs in 7 days
Physiotherapy plan • A) Positioning B) Thoracic expansion exercises C) Mobilisation • A) Sit out of bed with assitsance B) Mobilise 10m with assistance of 1
SOAP NOTES • S) Patient’s pain has been well controlled. Has already sat out of bed today. • O) Auscn-fine crackles right base, normal breath sounds left. Oxygen sats 94% on air • A) Progressing well • P) Mobilise later today
Example 2 Assessment findings • Coarse crackles central on auscultation • Increased temperature • Consolidation on CXR • Ineffective moist cough • Very drowsy
Physiotherapy Problems • Retention of secretions • ?Associated problem – reduced conscious level
Physiotherapy Goals • Expectoration with maximal assistance • Resolution of CXR findings
Physiotherapy Plan • Positioning • Vibrations • Ensure humidification • Nasopharyngeal suction
SOAP NOTES • S) Nurses report patient more alert today able to comply with basic instructions • O) Auscn coarse crackles central. Cough on command fair • A) Patient too alert for suction • P) Add assistance and encouragement to cough to positioning and vibs