DIET

1. DIET THERAPY

3. Fad weight loss diets encourage short-term changes in eating behaviour and as a result, weight lost on these diets is often regained. They often suggest avoiding particular foods or food groups which can mean missing out on important nutrients. • A fad weight loss diet is any diet that promises fast weight loss without any scientific basis. These diets often eliminate entire food groups and as a result do not provide a wide range of important nutrients.

4. Diets that encourage fast weight loss usually have little effect on levels of body fat. The initial weight lost on a fad diet is a combination of fluid, muscle and a little fat. • When speaking about losing weight, we should probably talk about fat loss rather than weight loss as fluid and muscle are important components of body weight and it is generally not desirable to reduce their levels.

5. When very little food is eaten, the body begins to break down muscle to meet energy (kilojoule) needs. Unfortunately, this occurs much more readily than the breakdown of fat stores. • Breaking down muscle leads to a loss of water, creating the illusion of rapid weight loss.

6. Additionally, breaking down muscle leads to a lowered metabolic rate meaning that when the diet is stopped, it is much easier for the body to gain fat than it was prior to going on the diet. As a result, over time, people can diet themselves fatter. Weight loss diets often encourage a short-term change in eating behaviour, rather than encouraging changes that can be sustained in the long-term.

7. We are continually bombarded with a range of misleading wonder-cures for weight loss. Australians spend millions of dollars each year in their attempts to lose weight. It is estimated that at least 40% Australian women and 20% Australian men are "on a diet" at any one time. Dietition’s Association of Australia

8. With an understanding of what fad diets are and what they claim to do you can effectively understand those your clients have tried and both counsel them as to the nutritional benefits / deficits of these diets and advise them as to how best to deal with the effects of following these fad diets. • Therefore, a list of the common fad diets you will meet and need to have an understanding of in private practice is given in the next slide.

9. FAD DIET COMPILATION – a top 20

10. Draw up a chart as shown below and fill it in as you work your way through the following information relating to the most common / popular diets available to people.

11. ANTI-AGING DIET • What is aging? (Katic,M., Kahn,CR. 2005, ‘The role of insulin and IGF-1 signally in longevity’, Cellular and Molecular Life Science, vol.62, iss.3, pp.320-43) • “Aging is the progressive loss of physiological functions that increases the probability of death. This decline in function occurs both within individual cells and within the organism as a whole. Life expectancy (or average lifespan) depends highly on both the biology of aging and the life circumstances of the organism”

12. “Evolutionarily speaking, very few organisms or animals were allowed to age, since mortality from starvation, predators, infection, diseases or environmental stresses often resulted in death before the biology of aging could play a role”

13. “Now, with the development of good principles of hygiene, a wide range of effective medicines and relatively abundant food, the average lifespan in many developed countries is 80 or more years.” • “With this increase in lifespan, causes of death have also changed, with infectious diseases and trauma being replaced by cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus and diseases of the elderly such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.”

14. “Almost 50 years ago, Denham Harman noted parallels between effects of aging and of ionising radiation. He suggested that free radicals produced during aerobic respiration cause cumulative oxidative damage, resulting in aging and ultimately death.” • “It has been know for almost 100 years that, in general, species with higher metabolic rates have shorter maximum lifespan, i.e. They age faster”.

15. “Calorie restriction, the selective reduction of energy intake without compromising other essential nutrients, is the most powerful intervention known to retard biological aging in mammals, as assessed by the extension of mean and maximum lifespan, reduced incidence or progression of age associated diseases and preserved physiological function and molecular fidelity with age.” (Rae,M. 2004, ‘It’s never too late: Calories Restriction is Effective in Older Mammals’, Rejuvenation Research, vol.7, pp.3-8)

16. ATKINS DIET • In 1972, Robert Atkins, as one of the first pioneers of the low-carbohydrate diet, turned the nutritional world upside down when he proposed that too much carbohydrate, rather than too much fat, may actually cause people to gain weight. (McGuire & Beerman 2007 p.352)

17. The Atkins diet is based on the ‘hunter and gatherer’ style diet. It severely restricts refined carbohydrates, while allows liberal meats, vegies, salads, cheese, fish, eggs, nuts and seeds......... 41 clinical trials as of March 2005 and the most critics. The consumer starts on a severe carb restriction, then a gradual increase in ‘good’carbs until the weight loss normalises. (Eddy,S. 2005, ‘Food as Medicine’, Health Schools Australia, p.58)

18. It is said that A recent publication of a new Food Guide Pyramid by the Harvard School of Nutrition gives some credence to Atkins’ theories  What are your thoughts on this pyramid?

20. CABBAGE SOUP DIET http://www.faddiet.com/cabsoupdietp.html • The cabbage soup can be eaten at any time you feel hungry during the day, and you can eat as much as you wish as often as you like. • Ingredients: • 6 Large Green Onions • 2 Green Peppers • 1-2 Cans Diced Tomatoes  • 1 Bunch Celery  • 1 Package Lipton Onion Soup Mix  • 1-2 Cubes of Buillion (if desired)  • 1 head cabbage

21. Day One:  • Fruit: Eat all of the fruit you want (EXCEPT BANANAS). Eat only your soup and the fruit for the first day. For drinks- unsweetened teas, cranberry juice and water.

22. Day Two: • Vegetables: • Eat until you are stuffed will all fresh, raw or cooked vegetables of your choice. • Try to eat leafy green vegetables and stay away from dry beans, peas and corn. • Eat all the vegetables you want along with your soup. • At dinner, reward yourself with a big baked potato with butter. • Do not eat fruit today. 

23. Day Three: • Mix Days One and Two: Eat all the soup, fruits and vegetables you want. • NO BAKED POTATO. • Day Four: • Bananas and Skim Milk: Eat as many as eight bananas and drink as many glasses of skim milk as you would like on this day, along with your soup. This day is supposed to lessen your desire for sweets.

24. Day Five: • Beef And Tomatoes: Ten to twenty ounces of beef and up to six fresh tomatoes. • Drink at least 6 to 8 glasses of water this day to wash the uric acid from your body. Eat your soup at least once this day. • You may eat broiled or baked chicken instead of beef (but absolutely no skin-on chicken). • If you prefer, you can substitute broiled fish for the beef on one of the beef days (but not both).

25. Day Six:  • Beef and Vegetables. Eat to your heart's content of beef and vegetables this day. You can even have 2 or 3 steaks if you like, with leafy green vegetables. NO BAKED POTATO. Eat your soup at least once. • Day Seven: • Brown rice, unsweetened fruit juices and vegetables: Again STUFF,STUFF,STUFF yourself. Be sure to eat your soup at least once this day.

26. FEINGOLD DIET (http://www.feingold.org/pg-overview.html) • Many learning and behaviour problems begin in the grocery trolley! • Did you know that the brand of ice cream, cookie, and potato chip you select could have a direct effect on the behaviour, health, and ability to learn for you or your children?

27. The Feingold Program (also known as the Feingold Diet) is a test to determine if certain foods or food additives are triggering particular symptoms. • It is basically the way people used to eat before "hyperactivity" and "ADHD" became household words, and before asthma and chronic ear infections became so very common.

28. Numerous studies show that certain synthetic food additives can have serious learning, behaviour, and/or health effects for sensitive people.

29. Dr. Feingold began his work on linking diet with behaviour back in the 1960's. He soon saw that the conventional wisdom about this condition was not accurate. At that time most doctors believed that children outgrew hyperactivity, that only one child in a family would be hyperactive, and that girls were seldom affected. Parents using the Feingold Diet also saw that these beliefs were not accurate. • Years later, the medical community revised their beliefs, as well.

30. The Feingold Program eliminates these additives: • Artificial (synthetic) colouring • Artificial (synthetic) flavouring • Aspartame (Nutrasweet, an artificial sweetener) • Artificial (synthetic) preservatives BHA, BHT, TBHQ

31. In the beginning (Stage One) of the Feingold Program, aspirin and some foods containing salicylate are eliminated. Most people can eventually tolerate at least some of these salicylates. • This dietary program is often referred to as a program because fragrances and non-food items which contain the chemicals listed above are also eliminated.

32. Food additives are not new. • Artificial colours have been around for more than 100 years. (Originally they were made from coal tar oil.) And children have been eating artificially coloured and flavoured products for decades. • But then . . . most children ate these additives infrequently. They got an occasional lollipop from the bank or doctors. Cotton candy was found at the circus. Easter eggs were given at Easter and candy canes at Christmas.

33. Today . . . the typical child growing up in this country is exposed to these powerful chemicals all day, every day.

35. FRUITARIAN DIET • Fruitarianism is a strict form of vegan diet that is limited to eating the ripe fruits of plants and trees. Fruitarians (frugivores or fructarians) eat, in principle only, the fruit of plants. • As with other dietary practices, such as vegetarianism and raw foodism, some people consider themselves fruitarians even if their diet is not 100% fruit.

36. According to these people, as long as the percentage is higher than 50%, they are (predominantly) fruitarian.Usually fruitarians who include foods other than fruit follow a vegan diet. • Some fruitarians will eat only what falls (or would fall) naturally from a plant, that is: foods that can be harvested without killing the plant. These foods consist primarily of culinary fruits, nuts, and seeds.

37. Some do not eat grains, believing it is unnatural to do so and some fruitarians feel that it is improper for humans to eat seeds. Others believe they should eat only plants that spread seeds when the plant is eaten.Others eat seeds and some cooked foods. • The Fruitarian Diet and lifestyle includes avoiding all cooked food and consider it non healthy for the individual and pollutant to the environment.

38. Contrary to Fruitarian Diet, cooked food is considered to be causing unbalanced nutrition, all kinds of disease, mood swings, cravings for synthetic nutrients and chemicals, decrease of vitality, loss of external beauty and loss of inner happiness, depreciation for life and lack of wisdom. • As already mentioned, in a fruitarian diet, the only parts of plants used are the fruit, nuts, seeds and other plant matter that can be gathered without harming the plant.

39. In other words, ‘culinary’ fruit (apples, oranges, pears etc) and ‘botanical’ fruit or seed-containing reproductive parts of flowering plants (beans, berries, capsicums, cucumbers, grains, nuts, peas, pumpkins, seeds, squash, tomatoes, and the like), can be eaten, but not carrots, potatoes or spinach etc., which require destruction of the plant.

40. A true fruitarian believes that removal of a vegetable from its roots (say a potato or a lettuce leaf) injures it, which is against the fruitarian concept of causing no death or injury to anything in order to consume part of it (the tomato and avocado are considered either fruit or vegetable, and thus are exceptions to this rule). • WHAT DO YOU THINK? WHAT DO YOU SEE AS THE PROS AND CONS OF THIS TYPE OF DIET?

41. GRAPEFRUIT DIET (http://www.healthnetwork.com.au/weight-loss/grapefruit-diet.asp) • The grapefruit diet plan, also called the Hollywood diet, began during the 1930s and became infamous during the 70’s. • Its popularity declined after the Mayo Clinic expressed disapproval of its process, regarding it as unbalanced and unsafe. • As a result, it became widely considered as a fad diet, and was shunned by many dieticians and other health-conscious individuals.

42. However, in recent years, the grapefruit diet plan is slowly regaining its popularity after new findings revealed its effectiveness against weight gain. • Initially designed to last from 12 to 18 days, the grapefruit diet is comprised of accompanying every meal with a serving of fresh grapefruit or unsweetened grapefruit juice.

43. A grapefruit diet meal is usually composed of protein-rich foods-- like bacons and eggs-- and veggies that are all low in complex carbohydrates. • This diet plan is supposed to help a person lose big Kg’s in a short amount of time. However, for this diet plan to be truly successful, a person is required to take up only 800 calories per day.

44. This diet plan also requires drinking 8 glasses of water every day, as well as limitless amount of black coffee. • Moreover, a person going through the grapefruit diet should avoid eating in-between meals.

45. Sample Meal Plan: • Breakfast  2 eggs, 2 slices of bacon, black coffee, 1/2 grapefruit or 8 ounces grapefruit juice • Lunch  Salad with salad dressing, unlimited meat, and 1/2 grapefruit or 8 ounces grapefruit juice • Dinner  Red or green vegetables (except starchy ones such as peas, beans, corn, sweet potatoes) or salad, unlimited meat or fish, and 1/2 grapefruit or 8 ounces grapefruit juice • Bedtime snack  8 ounces skim milk

46. In the Grapefruit Diet you can use all the butter and salad dressing you desire and prepare foods in any method, including fried. Grapefruit juice must be unsweetened. • Any food or beverage not on the diet is not allowed. Snacking is only permitted after dinner. • Drink 8 glasses of water daily. Eat all of the approved foods.

47. While grapefruit is a very nutritious low-calorie fruit (66-84 calories per serving), loaded with vitamin C and fibre, it is not a mysterious fat burner. The low glycaemic index, high fibre, and low calorie nature of the fruit may reduce insulin levels and help dieters feel full and eat fewer calories. • WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THIS DIET? WHICH OF THE PREVIOUS DIETS DOES IT REMIND YOU OF?

48. ISRAELI ARMY DIET (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Army_diet) • The Israeli Army diet was a fad diet that was popular in the 1970s. It was promoted as being based on the diet used by the Israel Defence Forces for new recruits but had no connection with the Israeli Army.

49. The diet lasted for eight days with the dieter only eating one type of food for two days each. • Days One - Two: Apples (black tea/coffee allowed) • Days Three - Four: Cheese (black tea/coffee allowed) • Days Five - Six: Chicken (black tea/coffee allowed) • Days Seven - Eight: Salad (black tea/coffee allowed)

50. If the dieter followed the regimen for the full eight days, he or she would enjoy a short-term weight loss. However, as this regime was not sustainable over the long term, the person undertaking the diet soon regained the weight as he or she returned to their normal diet. In addition, the lack of variety in the diet meant that many people failed to complete the diet regimen. As well, the diet was not a balanced diet providing the dieter with their nutritional needs such as calories, protein and vitamins.