13. “Second Generation” Peacekeeping

1. 13. “Second Generation” Peacekeeping Part I

2. 13. “Second Generation” Peacekeeping I • Learning Objectives • Familiar with post-Cold War ambitions • Describe “second generation” peacekeeping

3. 13.1. Post-Cold War Ambitions • An Agenda for Peace (June 1992)

4. Boutros Boutros - Ghali • Professor of International Law and International Relations, Cairo University • Foreign Minister of Egypt • UN Secretary – General (1992 – 1997)

5. 13.1. Post-Cold War Ambitions • An Agenda for Peace (June 1992) “In these past months a conviction has grown, among nations large and small, that an opportunity has been regained to achieve the great objectives of the Charter - a United Nations capable of maintaining international peace and security, of securing justice and human rights and of promoting, in the words of the Charter, “social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom.” This opportunity must not be squandered. The Organization must never again be crippled as it was in the era that has now passed.”

6. 13.1. Post-Cold War Ambitions • An Agenda for Peace (June 1992) “The foundation-stone of this work is and must remain the State. Respect for its fundamental sovereignty and integrity are crucial to any common international progress. The time of absolute and exclusive sovereignty, however, has passed; its theory was never matched by reality. It is the task of leaders of States today to understand this and to find a balance between the needs of good internal governance and the requirements of an ever more interdependent world.”

7. 13.1. Post-Cold War Ambitions • An Agenda for Peace (June 1992) • The International Security Agenda

8. 13.1. Post-Cold War Ambitions • An Agenda for Peace (June 1992) • The International Security Agenda • Humanitarian Intervention

9. 13.1. Post-Cold War Ambitions • An Agenda for Peace (June 1992) • The International Security Agenda • Humanitarian Intervention • The Peacekeeping Surge

10. The Peacekeeping Surge • In 1988, the UN was operating 5 missions, consisting of a total of 13,000 personnel, at a cost of US$266 million. • By 1994 the UN was operating 17 missions, with 76,500 personnel deployed, at a cost of over US$3.3 billion. •  between 1989 and 1993, 15 UN missions were initiated

11. 13.2. A “Second Generation” • No (or only partial) peace to keep • No (or only partial) consent • Loss (or partial loss) of impartiality • Increased use of force • Increased tasks

12. Increased Mission Tasks • Create safe and secure environment • Electoral support (UNTAC) • Security Sector Reform (SSR) • Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) • Mine clearing and education • Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) • Government capacity building