Modern Engineering & Technology Seminar 2012

1. Modern Engineering & Technology Seminar 2012 Clean Energy :2012 Latest Trends and Developments Dr. William Kao November 11-14, 2012 Taipei, Taiwan Prepared by Dr. William Kao

2. Agenda • Renewable Energy Update: Solar, Wind, Bioenergy • Biomimicry Applications in Clean Energy • Smart Grid Update: - Use of Sensor Networks in Smart Cities - Green Data Centers • Energy Storage Update - Utility Scale Storage - Lithium Ion Batteries • Summary and Conclusion Prepared by Dr. William Kao

3. Biofuels (global production of ethanol and biodiesel) from $56.4 billion in 2010, reached $83 billion in 2011, is projected to grow to $139 billion by 2021. • Wind power (new installation capital costs) from $60.5 billion in 2010, to expand to $71.5 billion in2011, to $116.3 billion in 2021. • Solarphotovoltaics (including modules, system components, and installation) increased • from $71.2 billion in 2010 to a record $91.6 billion in 2011. Project the market to continue to expand to $130.5 billion by 2021. • Combined global revenue for solar PV, wind power, and biofuels, surged by 31 percent over the prior year, growing from $188.1 billion in 2010 to $246.1 billion in 2011, it will go to $385.8 billion by 2021. Prepared by Dr. William Kao

4. Biofuels for Aviation • Without any mitigation efforts, CO2 emissions from aviation – about 2% of global emissions today and 13 % of the world’s emissions from transportation fuels – are expected to quadruple by 2050. • Starting in January 2012, the European Union’s airline emissions cap will go into effect, requiring all carriers flying to and within Europe to cut CO2 by two percent from 2005 levels and an additional three percent in 2013. • The International Air Transport Association, with 230 member airlines in 140 countries, estimates that 15 percent of all jet fuel is expected to be bio-derived by 2020,and 50 percent by 2040. • Many of the leading players in next-gen biofuels, among them Amyris, ClearFuels, Sapphire Energy, Solazyme, and Solena Fuels, have made aviation fuel a major focus, often in partnerships with airlines and manufacturers(Lufthansa, Virgin Atlantic, Qantas, Alaska Airlines, British Airways). • The U.S. military, particularly the Navy and Air Force, is a key booster of biofuels. The Navy has mandated that all its aircraft (and ships) be powered by a 50-50 bio/petrol blend by 2020. As the largest fuel purchaser in the world, the U.S. Pentagon “will play an absolutely game-changing role in this space” Prepared by Dr. William Kao

5. Solar Biomimicry: the eyes of dragon flies 4-18-2012 • South Korean inventor Jong-Eun Lee made headlines worldwide this week when he received a patent in near-record time for his solar invention inspired by dragonfly eyes. • Jong-Eun Lee got the idea from the eyes of dragonflies. Almost all the existing solar energy systems in the world use panels, which take up a lot of space and expense, whereas Jong-Eun Lee’s system uses only relatively small ball-type lenses that will collect sun light easily from every angle, virtually 360 degrees. • “A dragonfly’s eye consists of over 20,000 ball-type lenses in one big ball and it can see from over 300 degree angles,” Lee said. • His invention uses mirrors in multiple raised circles coming off a larger ball. The difference is that the concentration is greater and more compact in Lee’s configuration, which will allow his solar dragonfly eyes to produce more power using less space. Prepared by Dr. William Kao

6. Gemasolar, Spain: Thermal solar plantRadially staggered heliostat configuration 輻形交错排列 Prepared by Dr. William Kao

7. Solar Biomimicry: Innovative Heliostats Field Design Based in Fermat SpiralPositioning, like Sunflower Seeds • Biomimicry by • MIT, Aachen U. Germany • Golden angle 137.50between mirrors • 20% land area reduction , plus increased solar efficiency Prepared by Dr. William Kao

8. What is Biomimicry仿生學? • Biomimicry (from bios, meaning life, and mimesis, meaning to imitate) is a new discipline that studies nature's best ideas and then imitates these designs and processes to solve human problems. • One can think of it as "innovation inspired by nature" . • The core idea is that nature, imaginative by necessity, has already solved many of the problems we are grappling with. Animals, plants, and microbes are the consummate engineers. They have found what works, what is appropriate, and most important, what lasts here on Earth. • This is the real news of biomimicry: after 3.8 billion years of research and development, failures are fossils, and what surrounds us is the secret to survival. • The conscious emulation of life's genius is a survival strategy for the human race, a path to a sustainable future. “The more our world (human) functions like the natural world, the more likely we are to endure on this home that is ours, but not ours alone.” Prepared by Dr. William Kao

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10. New Solar Cells: MJ, transparent polymer • Use of multi-junctions to increase solar cell efficiencies. • A new type of polymer solar cell adds to the growing field of transparent solar technology, and offers reasonably impressive efficiency for such a device. Researchers at UCLA ( materials science and engineering professor Yang Yang) have created a cell that absorbs primarily infrared light, allowing much of the visible spectrum to pass through; the cell is 66 percent transparent, with an energy conversion efficiency of 4 percent.The new cell involves a photoactive layer sandwiched between transparent electrodes. The photoactive layer is made of a near-infrared light-sensitive photovoltaic polymer PBDTT-DPP (poly benzodithiophenepyrrolo). • The economics of covering every skyscraper in energy-producing glass (BIPV) has undeniable potential. In 2010, buildings accounted for 41 percent of all electricity consumption in the U.S. Prepared by Dr. William Kao

11. OFFSHORE WIND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTSfrom shallow to deep water SHALLOW WATER DEEP WATER CURRENT TECHNOLOGY FUTURE TECHNOLOGY Prepared by Dr. William Kao

12. Offshore wind turbines mounted on seabed foundations are limited to shallower waters, floating structures can be deployed at depths greater than 50 meters. Prepared by Dr. William Kao

13. Vertical Axis Turbines the Future of Offshore Wind Power? C.G. Center of Gravity Prepared by Dr. William Kao

14. Biomimicry applied to wind power • Humpback whales have small bumps known as tubercles along the leading edge of their fins. • According to West Chester University biology professor Frank Fish , adding tubercles 結節to standard turbine blades bumped up the efficiency by 20 percent. Prepared by Dr. William Kao

15. Imitating schooling fish • The biggest challenge with current wind farms is lack of space. The horizontal-axis wind turbines -- those with large propellers -- have to be fairly dramatically spaced out—10 turbine diameters apart or more, therefore require a substantial amount of land to perform properly. • But with help from the principles supplied by schooling fish, and the use of vertical-axis turbines, that may change. It may be possible to produce more than 10 times the amount of energy currently provided by a farm of horizontal turbines. • John Dabiri, associate professor of aeronautics and bioengineering at Caltech, while studying the vortices left behind by fish swimming in a school, Dabiri noticed that some vortices rotated clockwise, while others rotated counter-clockwise. • The biomimetic idea involves copying how schooling fish take advantage of eddies 漩渦 in the water caused by the other fish in the school. Prepared by Dr. William Kao

16. Flying Wind Generators(1) tether:繫繩 Prepared by Dr. William Kao

17. Flying Wind Generators (2) Prepared by Dr. William Kao

18. Smart Grid (Energy Transmission & Distribution) Smart Grid is a transformed electricity transmission and distribution network or "grid" that uses robust two-way communications, advanced sensors/meters, and distributedcomputers to improve the efficiency, reliability and safety of power delivery and use. Think of a Smart Grid as an “internet routing network”for Electricity, instead of for Data. Prepared by Dr. William Kao

19. HAN connections in a home Prepared by Dr. William Kao Source: “Home Area Network (HAN) Overview”, PG & E, January 2009

20. Applications of WSN to Smart Cities Prepared by Dr. William Kao

21. With the recent growth of the Internet, social media and cloud based computing, all the information generated - videos, pictures, emails, status updates, news, tweets - ends up in giant data storage facilities called data centers. • These facilities consume huge amounts of electricity, amounting to 1.5 to 2 percent of global energy demand (3 percent in the U.S.) – and it's growing at a rate of 12 percent a year. • Data centers are thus becoming the fastest growing users of energy. • Industry leading companies like Google, Apple, Facebook, and Yahoo to make heavy investments in renewable and clean energy to power their data centers. • Clean tech fuel cell 燃料電池companies are now targeting their fuel cell line products at data center operators as a new market for distributed cleaner power. Green Data Centers

22. Measuring the data center’s two key metrics: • Power usage efficiency (PUE), which is total facility power divided by IT equipment power, and • Carbon usage effectiveness (CUE), a metric by which data center operators can gauge the intensity of their carbon emissions per kilowatt-hour of energy used. Green Data CentersPower Usage Effectiveness (PUE) measures the energy efficiency of a data center • Google  touts the energy efficiency numbers of its facilities, Google’s quarterly average PUE is 1.17. • Separate hot and cold aisles to keep the hot and cool air separated more efficiently

23. Use of RE and Fuel Cells in Green Data Centers • Industry leading companies like Google, Apple, Facebook, and Yahoo to make heavy investments in renewable and clean energy (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and fuel cells)to power their data centers. • Google and Microsoft selected states like Iowa, Oklahoma and Oregon as site for their new data centers to have access to that state’s wind power. They built data centers in the northwest for hydropower. Google also supports geothermal energy by investing more than 10 million on Enhanced Geothermal Systems. • Apple’s Maiden, NC facility include: -20 MWs of solar panels from San Jose based SunPower Corporation. -4.8 MWs of fuelcells from Sunnyvale based Bloom Energy Corp -200 MWs of wind power from local utility grids to lower the carbon footprint from its operations. • Yahoo’s new data center in Lockport, New York will be powered in part by hydropower, and claims the power-use effectiveness (PUE) for the facility is 1.08. Prepared by Dr. William Kao

24. Use of RE and Fuel Cells in Green Data Centers • Microsoft Corporation’s green data centers in Texas plans to use recycled water, sometimes called gray water, in its cooling systems, and a significant portion of its electricity is generated by wind. • Ebay new data center in Utah will rely on a 6 MW fuel cell array supplied by Bloom Energy. It will be the largest stationary fuel cell bank ( thirty Bloom cells) ever installed in a non-utility setting, and the first time a data center has been designed to rely on fuel cells as its primary energy source, with the grid serving as backup. • IBM's India Software Lab in Bangalore has set up a 50-kilowatt rooftop solar array to power about 20 percent of its data center. When IBM realized that modern IBM servers can run on high-voltage direct current, they thought to use solar panels, which produce direct current, as a source. • Greenpeace criticized Facebook’s Prineville data center citing that this 300,000 square-foot facility runs primarily (53% ) on coal. Greenpeace urged Facebook to put forward a strong infrastructure siting policy that prioritizes access to renewable energy and establishes a comprehensive greenhouse gas mitigation strategy. • Recently Facebook chose Lulea, Sweden for its third major data center site because of the large amount of hydroelectric capacity. Prepared by Dr. William Kao

25. PUE, CUE, wireless monitoring Hot, cold aisles, natural air Clean sources Typical 1.6 Prepared by Dr. William Kao

26. Green Task Scheduling Algorithms with Speeds Optimization on Heterogeneous Cloud Servers • Currently, a large number of cloud computing servers waste a tremendous amount of energy and emit a considerable amount of carbon dioxide. Thus, it is necessary to significantly reduce pollution and substantially lower energy usage. Six innovative green task scheduling algorithms have been implemented, that have two main steps: 1. Assigning as many tasks as possible to a cloud server with lowest energy, and 2. Setting the same optimal speed for all tasks assigned to each cloud server. • A newly proven theorem can determine the optimal speed for all tasks assigned to a computer. These novel green algorithms are developed for heterogeneous cloud servers with adjustable speeds and parameters to effectively reduce energy consumption and finish all tasks before a deadline. • Based on sufficient simulations, three green algorithms that allocate a task to a cloud server with minimum energy are more effective than three others that assign a task to a randomly selected cloud server. • Sufficient simulation results indicate that the best algorithm among the six algorithms is Shortest Task First for Computer with Minimum Energy algorithm. • Reference: Luna Mingyi Zhang, Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom), 2010 IEEE/ACM Int'l Conference on & Int'l Conference on Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) Prepared by Dr. William Kao

27. Energy Storage 儲能技術 多種儲能方法: 抽水, 壓縮空氣, 熔鹽, 飛輪儲能, 流程電池, 鋰離子電池, 超級電容器, 超級磁性能量儲能 Prepared by Dr. William Kao

28. Utility Scale Energy Storage 儲能技術Pumped hydro抽水,Molten Salt熔鹽, CAES壓缩空氣 鈉和钾 硝酸鹽比率 60% NaNO3, 40% KNO3 Prepared by Dr. William Kao

29. LITHIUM ION BATTERIES 鋰離子電池 • Lithium ion batteries are popular for use in portable applications (laptops, cell phones) owing to their high energy density能量密度. However, with the increasing interest in plug in hybrid electric vehicles the focus has shifted to enhancing power densities 功率密度in lithium ion batteries. • Market research has projected the global lithium ion battery revenue to expand from $11.8 billion in 2010 up to $53.7 billion in 2020. • For anode (-)materials the aim has been to develop a material capable of absorbing lithium reversibly with a higher capacity than carbon/graphite石墨 : carbon nanotubes (CNT)碳納米管, nanowires納米線, tin (Sn), silicon (Si), and nano-composites 納米複合材料 like lithium titanatespinel ( Li4Ti5O12) are promising. • For electrolyte 電解液development, current ongoing work is to find new readily available materials that have reasonable conductivity, are easy to manufacture and are less acidic and more stable than lithiumhexaflurophosphate (LiPF6). One of the most promising new electrolyte salts being investigated is lithium bis-oxalato borate LiBOB ( LiBC4O8). • Cathode (+)materials must be able to accept and release lithium ions repeatedly (for recharging) and quickly (for high current). New cathode material alternatives to replace the most commonly used lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) as the standard cathode material are: 1. Layered structures 階層式結構LiMnxNiyCozO2, 2. Spinel structures 尖晶石結構such as lithium manganese phosphate (LiMn2O4), 3. Olivine structures橄欖石結構such as lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4). 4.Vanadium 釩compounds 化合物such as orthorhombic 支鏈V2O5, and monoclinic單斜LiV3O8 are also being investigated. Prepared by Dr. William Kao

30. Li-Ion Cathode(+) & Anode(-) Materials Spinel尖晶石 Olivine橄欖石 石墨 lithium titanatespinel Prepared by Dr. William Kao

31. Summary and Conclusion • Continuing upward economic and technical growth of renewables. • Clean energy paced by policies and politics (FiT, ITC) • Several new applications of biomimicry in clean energy • Latest trends/developments in: - solar (multi-junction, transparent) , - wind (deep offshore, vertical axis, flying), - energy storage (large scale utility, batteries), - green data centers (RE , fuel cells), - sensor networks for green cities. • Keep tuned in for the future… Prepared by Dr. William Kao

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