Reform Movements

1. Reform Movements

2. Questions to Consider • What do reform movements have in common? • Where do the reformers get their motivation? • What organization will institute the changes? • Do the reforms need further reform? Reform Movements

3. Reform Diverse movements focusing on a broad range of issues, including • anti-slavery • education • labor • temperance • women’s rights • civil rights • gay rights • war • public health • government Reform Movements

4. 1800 1900 1930 1960 Major Eras of Reform Second Great Awakening—Perfectionism Progressive Era—Rectifying Gilded Age Excesses The New Deal—Relief, Recovery and Reform The Great Society—Civil Rights, War on Poverty

5. Second Great Awakening Second Great Awakening1800s-1840s Began with religious preaching, evolved to social reform. • Anti-slavery reform • Education reform • Temperance movement • Women’s rights

6. Second Great Awakening Anti-Slavery Important people in the reform of slavery: Reformers: William Lloyd Garrison Harriet Beecher Stowe Grimké Sisters Lucretia Mott David Walker John Brown

7. Second Great Awakening Anti-Slavery Important organizations in the reform of slavery: Quakers (1775) New York Manumission Society (1785) American Colonization Society (1816) New England (1831) and American (1833) Anti-Slavery Societies

8. Second Great Awakening Anti-Slavery Important events in the reform of slavery: Northern states abolish slavery (1777-1804) Ban on slave importation (Jan. 1, 1808) Publication of Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World (1829) Publication of The Liberator (1831) Britain outlaws slavery (1833)

9. Second Great Awakening Anti-Slavery Important events in the reform of slavery: • World anti-slavery convention (1841) • Fugitive Slave Law passed (1850) • Publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) • Republican Party forms (1854) • Fugitive slave Anthony Burns returned to Va. from Boston (1854) • Dred Scott decision (1857) • House divided speech (1858)

10. Second Great Awakening Anti-Slavery Important rebellions in the history of slavery: • New York City (1712 and rumors in 1741) • Stono Rebellion (1739) • Haiti (1791) • Gabriel Prosser’s Rebellion (1800) • Denmark Vesey’s Uprising (1822) • Nat Turner’s Revolt (1831) • John Brown/Harper’s Ferry (1859)

11. Second Great Awakening Education • 1830s Horace Mann, Father of U.S. Public Education • Free Common Schools—tax supported schools spread by 1840s • Horace Mann: “Education…is the great equalizer of the conditions of men, the balance-wheel of the social machinery.”

12. Second Great Awakening Education • Industrialization and urbanization= need for more literacy and basic skills • Immigration—more need for citizenship training • McGuffey Readers—1837 and later. Moral education.

13. Second Great Awakening Education Education reform aimed at groups: Women Troy Female Seminary (1821) Mt. Holyoke Seminary (1837), later college Women’s colleges—Barnard, Wellesley, Mt. Holyoke, Vassar, Smith, Bryn Mawr.

14. Second Great Awakening Education Education reform aimed at groups: Blind and Deaf Students—1840s Samuel Gridley Howe Thomas Gallaudet Gallaudet University (1850s)

15. Progressive Era Second Great Awakening Education After Civil War—more compulsory education laws Kindergarten added Literacy rate to 90% by 1900.

16. Progressive Era Second Great Awakening Education Higher Education Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) Wealthy philanthropists Women’s Colleges By 1900, over 100 coeducation colleges founded Changes in curriculum, degrees, social life

17. Second Great Awakening Temperance Dr. Benjamin Rush--An Inquiry into the Effects of Spirituous Liquors on the Human Mind and Body (1794) Beecher Family--- Lyman Catherine Harriet Henry Ward

18. Second Great Awakening Temperance 1826—American Temperance Society 1840—Membership in temperance groups tops one million 1851—Maine Law 1854—Ten Nights in a Barroom and nmn What I Saw There

19. Second Great Awakening Women’s Rights Female Abolitionists  Women’s Rights Advocates Temperance Promoters Women’s Rights Advocates Lucretia Mott—Abolitionist Denied seating—World Anti-Slavery Convention Mott meets Elizabeth Cady Stanton

20. Second Great Awakening Women’s Rights Women’s Rights Convention—Seneca Falls, NY Convention ratified Declaration of Sentiments modeled after the Declaration of Independence Included woman suffrage as a right Frederick Douglass attended State Constitutions began to add some rights Elizabeth Cady Stanton meets Susan B. Anthony (formerly temperance promoter)

21. Second Great Awakening Other Reforms Dorothea Dix—Asylum Reform, prison reform Sylvester Graham—Dietary reforms American Peace Society—opposed war Amelia Bloomer—dress reform for women

22. Progressive Era Progressive Era Labor/workers’ rights Workplace safety Corporate regulation Consumer protection Municipal government reform Voter participation/democratic reforms Social reform

23. Progressive Era Progressive Era Reforms Diverse group of reformers Union leaders Protestant church leaders Women African-Americans Influenced by Newpapers/muckrakers Writers Photographers

24. Progressive Era Progressive Era Reforms Important influences: Walter Rauschenbach—Social Gospel Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives Ida Tarbell: The Shame of the Cities Upton Sinclair: The Jungle Frederick Taylor: Principles of Scientific Management Thomas Nast—Political cartoons

25. Progressive Era Labor/Workers’ rights Child Labor Industrialization created need for child labor By 1900 a million workers under 15 1904 National Child Labor Committee formed Laws slow to pass

26. Progressive Era Workplace Safety Problems: Factories generally unsafe Immigrant language barriers Children at risk Significant problems in mining, steel Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911) Reforms: Worker’s compensation begins (1908) Control of hours worked

27. Progressive Era Consumer Protection Upton Sinclair—The Jungle Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Meat Inspection Act (1906)

28. Progressive Era Municipal Government Reform Reaction to corruption in local government Robert LaFollette—Wisconsin City managers, fight big business interests Leads to voting reforms

29. Progressive Era Voter Participation/Democratic Reforms Problem: Political “bosses” controlled elections Reform: Secret ballots Direct primary elections Direct election of U.S. Senators (17th Amendment) Ballot initiatives Ballot referendums Recall elections

30. Progressive Era Social Reform Social Justice Movement Problem: Poverty and hopelessness among urban groups Reform: Juvenile justice system Safety regulations for tenements Divorce laws Jane Addams continues Settlement Houses

31. Progressive Era Woman Suffrage Problem: Decades after Seneca Falls, women still cannot vote Process for reform: Carrie Chapman Catt—National American Woman Suffrage Association (1900) seeks state-by-state voting rights Alice Paul—More militant movement, seeks support for constitutional change Reform: Nineteenth Amendment (1920)

32. Progressive Era Temperance Problem: Alcohol consumption still a problem New concern: WWI brings more reasons not to drink Reform: 18th Amendment (1919) Volstead Act (1919)

33. Progressive Era Temperance Women’s Christian Temperance Union (Frances Willard, second President) Anti-Saloon League Carrie Nation—hatchet wielding prohibitionist

34. New Deal The New Deal FDIC (1933) Securities and Exchange Commission reforms Wagner Act (1935) Social Security Act (1935) Fair Labor Standards Act(1938)

35. New Deal FDIC Problem: Failed banks after crash, people refuse to deposit in them Reform: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Guaranteed individual deposits to $5000

36. New Deal Security and Exchange Commission Problem: Stock speculation may have caused stock market crash in 1929. Reform: Creation of the SEC to regulate stocks and the stock market

37. New Deal Wagner Act (1935) Problems: Bad economy caused problematic relationship between management and labor Most union legal cases had gone in favor of businesses Reform: National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) Gave unions several rights, oversaw disputes

38. New Deal Social Security Act (1935) Problem: Elderly, disabled, and wives/children of deceased workers were in extreme poverty Reform: Social Security Act Distributes monthly payments through tax collection of current workers

39. New Deal Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) Problem: Earlier laws regulating treatment of workers had been declared unconstitutional Reform--Fair Labor Standards Act: • Set a minimum wage • Set a 40 hour work week • Restricted labor for workers under 16

40. Great Society The Great SocietyLBJ Administration—1963-1969 • Civil Rights • Voting Rights • War on Poverty • Medicare • Medicaid • Elementary & Secondary School Act • HUD, DOT • Immigration reform

41. Great Society The Great SocietyLBJ Administration—1963-1969 Problems: Racial prejudice Poverty—in cities, among ill, by race Unequal access to education Need for targeted housing, roads Unfair immigration practices

42. Great Society Civil Rights • Civil Rights Act (1964) • Segregation is illegal in all public facilities • Gives federal government more power to enforce school desegregation in states • Equal Employment Opportunity Commission created to end discrimination in hiring

43. Great Society Voting Rights 24th Amendment (1964): Abolished poll taxes Voting Rights Act (1965): Ended literacy tests Sent federal employees to register voters in areas showing discrimination

44. Great Society War on Poverty • LBJ influenced by Michael Harrington’s book The Other America (1962) • Solutions: • Office of Economic Opportunity • Job Corps • Head Start • Community Action Program

45. Great Society Elementary and Secondary School Act Problem: Unequal access to edu.cation Reform: This act gave federal money to schools in poor areas

46. Great Society Housing and Urban Development Problems: Increasing homelessness Need for home ownership Reform: HUD created housing for the poor gave loans to new owners

47. Great Society Department of Transportation • Problem: • Need for transportation solutions in a more connected country • Reform: • Creation of the DOT to oversee all transportation agencies

48. Great Society Immigration Reform • Problem: • Quotas based on country of origin had been in effect since 1924 • Reform: • Immigrant Act (1965) • Abolished nationality quotas • Gave preference to family connections, education, skills, and refugee status

49. Questions to Consider What do reform movements have in common? Where do the reformers get their motivation? What organization will institute the changes? Do the reforms need further reform? Reform Movements