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Ecosystems

Ecosystems. Systems. Network of relationships that influence one another through flow of energy, matter, and info. Systems. Open – exchange of matter or energy across system boundaries. Ex: Earth with respect to energy Most systems open Closed – exchange across boundaries does not occur

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Ecosystems

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  1. Ecosystems

  2. Systems Network of relationships that influence one another through flow of energy, matter, and info

  3. Systems • Open – exchange of matter or energy across system boundaries. • Ex: Earth with respect to energy • Most systems open • Closed – exchange across boundaries does not occur • Ex: Earth with respect to matter

  4. Feedback Loops • Adjustments to inputs/outputs. • Negative – output from one direction acts as input in other direction. • Stabilize

  5. Positive – output from one direction acts as input in same direction. • Drive to extremes

  6. Levels of Organization

  7. What shapes an ecosystem? • Biotic vs. Abiotic

  8. What shapes an ecosystem? • Habitat vs. Niche • Address; occupation

  9. Specialist • Generalist • Based on range of tolerance

  10. Fundamental Niche • Realized Niche • Determines species distribution

  11. What shapes an ecosystem? • Community Interactions • Competition • Resources • Predation • Symbiotic Relationships

  12. Competitive Exclusion Principle • 2 species cannot occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.

  13. Resource Partitioning • Species divide resource based on behavior • Temporal • Spatial • Morphological

  14. What shapes an ecosystem? • Predation • True Predators • Herbivores • Parasites/Pathogens • Parasitoids

  15. What shapes an ecosystem? • Symbiosis • Mutualism • Win-win • Commensalism • Win-neutral • Parasitism • Win-lose

  16. What shapes an ecosystem? • Keystone species • Sea otter; Kelp Forest • Predator-mediated competition • Essential food sources, pollinators, mutulaists • Ecosystem engineer • Beaver

  17. What shapes an ecosystem? • Indicator species • Provide info about overall health of ecosystem. • Ex: Birds; canary in mines.

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