Fulvio Rizzo

1. Fulvio Rizzo Karelian Institute University of Eastern Finland Conventional farmers’ attitudes on farm diversification and on policy-making: the Finnish context ESRS XXV, Florence, July 29th August 1st 2013

2. 1. Introduction During the last two decades, a variety of theoretical debates about the nature, changes, and future trajectories of agricultural and rural systems has emerged End of conventional agriculture? The emergence of a multifunctional regime Rural development: process that will result in the removal of peasants ? European countryside as different expressions of repeasantization? Food sovereignty

3. Within the Finnish context, this research paper focuses on conventional farmers’ attitudes on economic diversification within the farm, and on policy-making. • As for the first objective, potential economic activities which may support farmers’ incomes within the farm are discussed. Attention is given to organic farming, local food, bio-energy production, and agri-tourism. • Firstly, farmers’ attitudes to the support schemes of the Common Agricultural Policy are examined. Secondly, it is investigated the role of the Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners (MTK) in supporting farmers’ interests and economic opportunities. 2. Research questions

4. Fifteen qualitative semi-structured interviews • Board representatives and members of the Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners (MTK) • The interviews have been collected in all the three categories of rural areas defined by the Finnish Rural Policy Committee: 1) remote rural areas; 2) rural heartland areas; 3) urban-adjacent rural areas • Six dairy farms (one of them also had fur farming), five meat farms, and three crop farms • Farms’ extension varies from 25 hectares of a dairy farm located in North Savo, to 250 hectares of a crop farm located in Uusimaa. • Thematic, and interdiscursive analysis 3. Methods and methodology

5. 4. Location of study areas North Karelia Uusimaa North Savo

6. In the first decade of the 21st century, the number of farms decreased by about one-fifth. In 2010, there were about 17,000 fewer farms in Finland than at the beginning of the millennium. The rate of decline has been moderate compared with the early 1990s and the first years of Finland’s membership of the EU • Structural changes in agriculture: 1) enlargement of farm enterprises (most farms in the period 2005-2007 are in the 50 to 200 hectares category); on the other hand, small farms (less than ten hectares) have almost disappeared 2) decline of the members enrolled in the local Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners (MTK) throughout the years 3) specialization of production in specific areas of the country • Finnish farms have a relatively high degree of diversification in European context; in 2010, 31 % of Finnish farms were diversified Structural changes in agriculture: the Finnish context

7. Theoretical starting point: throughout history, agricultural activity has been more a SOCIO-CULTURAL rather than a mechanistic profit-making endeaviour • Territory as physical, social, political, and cultural system • Two key debates: • productivism versus post-productivism (multifunctional agricultural regime); • agency versus structure 5. Theoretical background

8. 1) Attitudes to economic diversification • Organic farming • Characteristics of the terrain: examples: clay soil, weed, lack of space • Type of cultivation: cow waste seen as important condition for implementing organic • Economic factors: major investments; • Policy factors: strategies from milk companies • Agri-tourism • Attitudes to risk and profitabilty; • Contingent conditions as presence of road infrastructure, presence of lakes in the area; • Closeness to urban areas 6. Results

9. Local food (how to define it?) • Local food selling heavily dependent on food policies which follow market logic; • Type of farm; • Geographical location • Renewable energy • Wood energy and cow waste seen as having economic potential; cow waste used for heating purposes within the farm • Amount of forest owned; • Attitudes on economic profit; • Local knowledge

10. 2) Attitudes to policy making • Support schemes of the CAP: • Impossibility of long-term planning investments • Expenses grow all the time, incomes do not • Farm enlargement as tool for farm survival • Heavy bureuacracy, which is constantly changing • Role of the subsidies • Boundaries of support areas • Role of the Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners (MTK) • From a social role to a bureaucratic role • From a decision-making role to a lobbying and advising role • Center of gravity has moved from Helsinki to Brussels

11. The local level, particularly the farm level represent the key scale for any investigation of agricultural processes • Regardless of the location , farmers’ attitudes to economic diversification and policy-making are constructed upon three factors, which are to a various extent connected to each other: 1) geographically contingent conditions which may represent a challenge or an opportunity for farmers to support their income beyond the production of food and fibre; 2) external factors (as international policy making, and market liberalization); 3) farmers’ personal views on profitability and risk 7. Discussion and Conclusion

12. However, agricultural activity, both in its conventional and diversified form, seems to be mostly supported by artificial processes rather than being anchored to its natural foundation, which is the territory in its complex and integrated meaning of physical environment, built environment, and human environment • In spite of increasing multifunctionality discourses at the policy-making level, conventional farmers still retain to a large degree a productivist mindset