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Overview. Who are the minorities in Europe today? Three waves of international migrants Refugees and asylum-seekers today Europe’s Muslim minorities Challenges for European societies Conclusions. Minorities in Europe Today. Indigenous peoples & regional minorities Roma
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Overview • Who are the minorities in Europe today? • Three waves of international migrants • Refugees and asylum-seekers today • Europe’s Muslim minorities • Challenges for European societies • Conclusions
Minorities in Europe Today • Indigenous peoples & regional minorities • Roma • Post - WWII Immigrants • Refugees and asylum-seekers
Minorities in Europe Today • Indigenous peoples & regional minorities • Basque in Spain, France • Sami in Sweden, Finland, Norway • Ethnic minorities in Russian Federation & • Central Eastern European countries • …not part of today’s topic
Minorities in Europe Today • Roma People • Roots in the Indian subcontinent • Arrived in what is now Europe in the 14th century • Several subgroups e.g. Sinti, Kale, Romanichal, Roma • Romani language still spoken by some, several dialects • Historically semi-nomadic • Most Roma today settled in • “camps”
Minorities in Europe Today • Roma Social Outcomes in Europe • Family life: young marriage, endogamy, extended family ties • still common among Roma • Education: one-third complete primary school, children often • struggle with language • Occupation: informal economy, • agriculture, forestry, begging • Poverty: highrates of poverty & • unemployment, poor health • Widespread Anti-Roma prejudice: Roma = Crime
Minorities in Europe Today • Who are the minorities in Europe today? • Indigenous peoples & regional minorities • Roma • Post - WWII Immigrants • Refugees and asylum-seekers
Overview • Who are the minorities in Europe today? • Three waves of international migrants
Three Waves of Migrants • 1950s-70s Guestworkers & Post-Colonials • 1990s-Now Waves of refugees from political upheavals and war in Europe,Africa, Middle East • 2004-now New Labor Migrants
First Wave, WWII – 1970s • Germany: Guestworkers from Turkey …also Greece, Italy, Spain, Yugoslavia • Netherlands, Austria, even Sweden: Guestworkers from Morocco and Turkey
First Wave, WWII – 1970s • U.K. invited workers from the former British empire e.g. India, Pakistan, Jamaica MV Empire Windrush 1948 Trafalgar Square, 1960s