The Rise of National States

1. The Rise of National States

2. Spain • Castile, Aragon, Granada, and Navarre • Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile • Granada and Navarre conquered • hidalgos - lesser nobility • Inquisition • 1492 – Jews and Marranos • 1502 – Muslims and Moriscos • Protestants

3. Portugal • Count Henry of Burgundy in Oporto • drove Moors southward • Hemmed in by Spanish  turn to sea • Diaz • de Gama • Treaty of Tordesillas • depletion of talent • Persecution • Overseas expeditions

4. France • Louis XI “Spider King” • Charles the Bold of Burgundy • Killed by the Swiss • “Middle Kingdom” • Lower classes discontented

5. England • War of the Roses • Lancastrians vs. Yorkists • Henry Tudor defeats Richard III at Bosworth Field • Henry VII – first Tudor monarch • Destroyed feudal armies • Court of Star Chamber • Protected revenues • Enclosure movement – farm land into sheep runs • Peasants displaced • Henry VIII

6. Germany and Italy • Germany • 300 different independent units • 7 electors  emperor • No sure income • No military • Hapsburgs • Italy • 6 major states • Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – poorest + most backward • Papal States – oppose any unity • Florence } dominated by rich banking/commercial families • Venice } • Milan – center of commerce, autocratic duke • Piedmont – house of Savoy (minor role)

7. International Rivalries in the Age of Charles V, 1516-1555 • Emperor Charles V • War with France • Family quarrels with Henry VIII • Married his son (Philip II) to Portugal • Repulsed Suleiman • Divided empire b/n sons (Philip II and Ferdinand) • Spanish and Austrian Hapsburg branches

8. Summary – The Political Map of Europe in 1550