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The Rise of the German States and Russia

The Rise of the German States and Russia. The Thirty Years War, Austria and Prussia, and Russia. Thirty Years War 1618-1648. Peace of Augsburg of 1555 brought truce to warring religious factions in the Holy Roman Empire.

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The Rise of the German States and Russia

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  1. The Rise of the German Statesand Russia The Thirty Years War, Austria and Prussia, and Russia

  2. Thirty Years War 1618-1648 • Peace of Augsburg of 1555 brought truce to warring religious factions in the Holy Roman Empire. • The agreement only recognized Catholics and Lutherans (leaving out Calvinists). • Calvinists began to make gains in a number or states and began demanding rights. • Direct cause of the fighting was a conflict in Bohemia.

  3. Four Phases of the War • Bohemian Phase (1618-1625) • Danish Phase (1625-1629) • Swedish Phase (1630-1635) • French Phase (1635-1648)

  4. Bohemian Phase, 1618-1625 • Calvinists in Bohemia concerned with the election of a Catholic King as Emperor Frederick II of the HRE. • Construction of Calvinist Churches is halted. • HRE is more divided by religion.

  5. The Defenestration of Prague • On May 23, 1618, an assembly of Protestants tried two Imperial governors for halting the construction. • They were found guilty, and thrown out of the high windows of the Bohemian Chancellery.

  6. The Defenestration of Prague • They fell some 50 ft, and they landed on a large pile of manure. They all survived. • Roman Catholic Imperial officials claimed that they survived due to the mercy of the benevolent angels assisting the righteousness of the Catholic cause. • Protestant pamphleteers asserted that their survival had more to do with the horse excrement in which they landed than the benevolent acts of the angels.

  7. Danish Phase, 1625-1629 • King Christian IV of Denmark intervened on the side of the Protestants against Ferdinand II. • Albrecht von Wallenstein defeated the Danes in 1626 with a independent army of 50,000 men. Albrecht von Wallenstein

  8. Swedish Phase, 1630-1635 • Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus became the new defender of the Protestant cause. • In 1630, the Swedes invaded Germany. • Later that year, Catholic France signed a alliance with Protestant Sweden, entering the war against the Hapsburgs. • What had begun as a religious war now took political overtones. Gustavus Adolphus

  9. French Phase, 1635-1648 • A settlement reached in the Treaty of Prague was wrecked by the French decision to directly intervene. • Cardinal Richelieu, Chief Minister of Louis XIII wanted to weaken Hapsburg power and gain territory. Cardinal Richelieu

  10. French Phase, 1635-1648 • The war continued to ravage Germany, with no side gaining the upper hand until the French became more directly involved. • Ferdinand II died in 1637 and was succeeded by his son, Ferdinand III (r. 1637-1657). • Peace negotiations began in 1641, but made little progress until the death of Richelieu in 1642 and the French occupation of Bavaria in 1646.

  11. Peace of Westphalia, 1648 • Treaty of Westphalia ended the 30 yrs. War. • France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (Prussia) gained territory. • Settlement formally recognized the independence of Switzerland and Dutch Republic. • Granted German states the right to make treaties and alliances, further weakening the HRE. 300+ German states became sovereign. • Religious rights guaranteed in Peace of Augsburg expanded to Calvinists.

  12. Political Changes in Eastern Europe • Three aging empires: gave way to new empires of Austria Prussia and Russia • Holy Roman Empire: religious divisions and war in 16th and 17th century • Ottoman Empire: could not maintain possessions in E. Europe and Balkans • Poland: liberum veto – voting in Polish parliament had to be unanimous (= weak gov’t)

  13. The Austrian Hapsburgs • Multinational empire: Austrian, Hungarian, & Bohemian kingdoms (later expansion into Slavic lands)

  14. The Austrian Hapsburgs • Charles VI • Pragmatic Sanction (1713) issued by Charles VI: Habsburg territories indivisible; only Habsburgs could rule (daughter Maria Theresa) • War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) • Prussia, France, Bavaria & Spain vs. Austria and Russia • Prussia tool Silesia from Austria; Prussia now most powerful German state: “Great Power”

  15. The Austrian Hapsburgs • Maria Theresa (r. 1740-1780): Wars of 1740s led to internal consolidation • Reduced serfdom

  16. Hohenzollerns in Prussia • Frederick William, The Great Elector (r.1640-1688) • Rule consolidated after 30 Years’ War: military force & taxation • Junkers: nobility sided with king for stability; hereditary serfdom in 1653 • Created most efficient army in Europe

  17. Hohenzollerns in Prussia • Frederick I (r. 1688-1713) • (Elector Frederick III) “The Ostentatious” (1688-1713); 1st “King of Prussia” • Allied with Habsburgs in War of League of Augsburg and War of Spanish Succession.

  18. Hohenzollerns in Prussia • Frederick William I (r. 1713-1740) “The Soldiers’ King” • Established Prussian absolutism • “Sparta of the North”: Largely a military state – best army in Europe • Junkers became officers caste in army in return for king’s absolutism

  19. Hohenzollerns in Prussia • “Frederick the Great” (Frederick II: 1740-1786) of Prussia • At war for first half of his reign • Became a reformer during 2nd half of his reign – ruler was the “first servant of the state”

  20. Peter the Great in Russia • Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917) • Michael Romanov (1613-1645) • Created Russian empire across Asia to the Pacific (largest nation by 1689)

  21. Peter the Great in Russia • Peter the Great (1682-1725) • 1698, put down revolt by strelski (Moscow Guards) • westernization (modernization): mostly for military purposes • state-regulated monopolies created; industrial serfdom • Table of Ranks: educational training for new civil service (mostly of nobles)

  22. Peter the Great in Russia • St. Petersburg begun in 1703 on Baltic; largest city in Northern Europe by his death. • “Winter Palace” sought to emulate Versailles. • Great Northern War (1700-1721) • Fought Charles XII, 18-yr-old Swedish king • Battle of Poltava, 1709: Peter defeated Sweden • Treaty of Nystad (1721): Peter gained Baltic states “window to the West”

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