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Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration. Purpose: Create ATP molecules from Glucose! Who uses this? ALL LIVING ORGANISMS. Two Types: 1. Anaerobic Respiration: occurs in Cytoplasm *organisms do NOT use oxygen! *Inefficient for multicellular organisms.

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Cellular Respiration

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  1. Cellular Respiration • Purpose: Create ATP molecules from Glucose! • Who uses this? ALL LIVING ORGANISMS. • Two Types: 1. Anaerobic Respiration: occurs in Cytoplasm *organisms do NOT use oxygen! *Inefficient for multicellular organisms. 2.Aerobic Respiration: cytoplasm and mitochondrion *organisms USE oxygen. *Efficient for multicellular organisms

  2. GLYCOLYSIS • Glyco: sugar Lysis: dissolving • Process that breaks down GLUCOSE to obtain ATP molecules! • Occurs in the Cytoplasm • 1st step in BOTH Aerobic and Anaerobic Respirations. • NAD is an enzyme that picks up H and electrons, like NADP in photosynthesis!

  3. What happens during Glycolysis? 1. C6H12O6 + 2 ATP  2 PGAL (3 C sugar) + 2 ADP 2 ATPS are used to break glucose apart • 2 PGAL + 2 NAD  2 Pyruvic Acids + 4 ATP + 2 NADH NAD removes H+and electronsfrom each PGAL. Chemical bonds are broken 4 ATPs are made. PGAL minus H = Pyruvic acid • Net vs. Gross energy Process Made: 4 ATPS (Gross #) Used: 2 ATPS 4 – 2 = 2 ATPS (Net #)

  4. Products of Glycolysis • From the break down of C6H12O6 (Glucose): • 2 Pyruvic Acids  moves to the next chemical reaction. (either anaerobic or aerobic respiration) • 2 ATPs (NET #) • 2 NADH  moves to the next chemical reaction. (either anaerobic or aerobic respiration) Oxygen is available Aerobic Respiration occurs NO OXYGEN, Anaerobic Respiration occurs

  5. Anaerobic Respiration • Steps: • Glycolysis: 2 ATPs made • Fermentation: 0 ATPS made • Both steps occur in the Cytoplasm. This is why this organelle is the site of many chemical reactions! Who uses Anaerobic Resp. ? Bacteria, plants, fungus (yeast), and Animals (Muscle cells only)

  6. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION 1. Yeast, plants and bacteria use this. 2. 0 ATP made; NAD is regenerated Step: 2 Pyruvic Acids + 2 NADH  2 Ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 NAD • H are bonded to the Pyruvic acid. • CO2 is released from the cells • NAD returns back to glycolysis • Ethanol is an alcohol.

  7. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION • Products made from Alcoholic Fermentation: • 2 NAD, 2 Ethanol, and 2 CO2 Food/Beverage Products made from this process: • Breads • Beer • Wine

  8. Lactic Acid Fermentation Fungus, Plants, bacteria, and animal muscle cells use this. 2. 0 ATP made; NAD is regenerated Step: 2 Pyruvic Acids + 2 NADH  2 Lactic Acid + 2 NAD • H are bonded to the Pyruvic acid. • Lactic acid builds up: In animals causes soreness of muscles. Lactic acid is shipped to liver and converted back into a sugar. • NAD returns back to glycolysis

  9. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION • Products made from Lactic Acid Fermentation: • 2 NAD, 2 Lactic Acid Food Products made from this process: Yogurt Soy sauce Sauerkraut

  10. Review of Anaerobic Respiration • 1. Occurs in the cytoplasm • 2. Inefficient: 2 ATPs/Glucose • 3. 2 steps: 1. Glycolysis: 2 ATPs 2. Fermentation: LA or Alcoholic: 0 ATPs

  11. Aerobic Respiration • C6H12 O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6H2O

  12. Aerobic Respiration • Requires Oxygen to make ATP. • Process begins in the cytoplasm and ends in a mitochondrion. • Makes 18X more ATP molecules than Anaerobic Respiration

  13. Structure of a Mitochondrion • Inner and outer membranes similar to the cell membrane. • Matrix and Cristae

  14. Steps of Aerobic Respiration • 1. Glycolysis: occurs in the CYTOPLASM Products: 2 Pyruvic Acids + 2 NADH + 2 ATP (net #)

  15. Steps of Aerobic Respiration 2. Formation of Acetyl Co-A *Occurs in a Matrix of a mitochondrion. 2 Pyruvic Acid + 2 Co-A  2 Acetyl-Co-A * Acetyl Co-A must be formed before the Krebs cycle (Citric Cycle)can begin.

  16. Krebs Cycle (Citric Cycle) • 3. 2 Acetyl Co-A enters. 1 molecule enters at a time. • Carbons removed: CO2 released • Hydrogens (electrons) are removed by NAD and FAD. Both are taxi-cabs! H go to the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) * 2 ATPs are made. • Products: 2 ATPs, FADH2, NADH

  17. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • Occurs in the cristae of a mitochondrion. • FADH2 and NADH enter and create: • 32 ATP • H2O • FAD (regenerates and return to Krebs) • NAD (regenerates and return to Krebs or Glycolysis)

  18. Aerobic Respiration Products • Glycolysis: 2 ATPs • Krebs: 2 ATPs • ETC: 32 ATPs • TOTAL: 36 ATPs/Glucose. • How does this compare to Anaerobic?

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