Chemistry in Performance Enhancing Supplements

1. By: Brandon Adams, Tyler Gammon, Paige Huddleston, WilldenMasuch, Lucas Pratt Chemistry in Performance Enhancing Supplements

2. Winning is perhaps considered by most to be one of the most desirable things to achieve, and has long been the passion and focus point of people since the beginning of time. No person could have a more competitive drive than that of the athletes of the world. Athletes dedicate their lives to the pursuit of winning, and will sometimes go to any lengths to gain a slight advantage over the rest of their competitors.

3. PerformanceEnhancing Supplements • Athletes have used performance enhancing supplements for years to boost their performance. • These supplements can sometimes be useful and even beneficial to health, such as the extra electrolytes found in sports drinks. • They can be harmful as well, such as the amount of sugar and acidity found in sports drinks. • Types of performance enhancing supplements include: • Steroids • Creatine • Energy Drinks • Thermogenics • Erythropoietin (EPO) • Some of these supplements are actually banned from competition because of their harmful nature to the body. • While some of these supplements are safe within moderation, many performance enhancing supplements should be used with care, or not at all due to the health risks.

4. Healthy Lifestyle Choices Supplements used with intent to maintain a healthy life • Protein • Creatine • Energy Drinks • Steroids • Erythropoietin (EPO)

5. Why are supplements being used? The intent of their use: • Protein Used to support increased muscle breakdown and synthesis. (McKinley Health Center) 2. Creatine Used to increase power and athletic performance (Beets) • Energy Drinks Used to increase energy (www.associatedcontent.com)

6. Why are supplements being used? • Steroids Steroids are used to improve an athletes strength (Tanner). • EPO It is used to raise oxygen levels in the blood which allows for a faster recovery time. (Outside)

7. Who Uses Supplements?

8. Average Years of Use By Age

9. Protein • Protein is an extremely important nutrient needed by the human body. • “Protein is a key nutrient needed by the body to build and repair tissue, provide structure, serve as an enzyme to begin cellular processes, and form hormones” (McKinley). • Many athletes have turned to protein supplements to fulfill an increased need of protein • Athletes need more protein to assist in increased muscle breakdown and synthesis (McKinley).

10. Positive Attributes of Protein Supplementing Weight loss • Mannatech research shows some protein can assist in weight loss • Supplementing with protein makes it possible to • Reduce body weight • Lower body mass index • Reduce waist size (Anderson) • Protein needs • Sedentary individuals need .08 grams of protein per pound of body weight • Active individuals need 1-2 grams of protein per pound of body weight (McKinley) • Protein supplement help active individuals meet protein needs • Athletes traveling with limited access to foods • Active college students with limited access to foods Efficiency

11. Negative Aspects of Using Protein Supplements • Protein supplements are expensive • It is possible for athletes to meet dietary requirements for protein by eating extra rich protein foods that are cheaper (McKinley). • If an athlete has access to these foods and the time to research and plan their diets, extra rich protein foods is an excellent option.

12. Recommendations

13. What is Creatine? • Creatine is a supplement that is natural produced in the human body. It can also be created in laboratories. Creatine is mainly found in the muscles of the body. Creatine offers both good and bad side effects. (www.webmd.com)

14. The Positive Effects of Creatine • The positive effects of creatine include increased muscle gain and increasing power during exercise and explosive sports such as sprinting and base ball. Creatine also helps people that are suffering from cretin diseases. People in the early stages of Parkenson’s disease often take creatine supplements to help with the conditions. Creatine has also been credited with helping with muscle diseases like muscular dystrophy. It can also help with loss of sight for patients suffering from gyrate atrophy. (www.webmd.com)

15. The Negative Effects of Creatine • Creatine also has negative effects. Creatine can cause stomach pain, nausea, muscle cramps, and weight gain. It causes weight gain from enabling the muscles to hold water, therefore causing water weight. Although not proven, creatine has been accused of causing kidney problems when consumed in over recommended amounts. (www.webmd.com)

16. Why Do People Use Creatine? • Many athletes are known for using creatine during workouts and before games. Creatine is not a steroid so it is not known for being over used. Athletes use creatineto help obtain more muscle strength and performance. (www.webmd.com)

17. What are Energy Drinks? • Energy drinks are an item that has grown in popularity over the years. Energy drinks have become appealing especially to younger people. Energy drinks are like soda pop in a way because they both contain caffeine and sugar. The only difference is that energy drinks contain as much as double the amount of caffeine as soda does, and in one case, six times the amount as soda. (www.associatedcontent.com)

18. What Are the Effects of Energy Drinks? • Energy drinks do not really have a positive effect on humans other than a boost of energy. Although they provide a boost of energy, a down time occurs after the sugar high wears off. This down time is referred to as a crash. A crash leaves the person feeling worst than they did before the energy drink, sometimes leaving they with a sugar craving. (www.associatedcontent.com)

19. What are the Side Effects of Energy Drinks? • Energy drinks have many bad side effects. One of which is dehydration. Dehydration is caused by the sugar and caffeine in the drink. They can also make the person sweat, burning off extra energy. Energy drinks can also affect the heart rate and blood pressure of the person consuming it. The heart of the person consuming the drink can become so accelerated that it can cause an irregular or quickened heartbeat. There have been cases of people drinking energy drinks when exercising that has resulted in death. There is no proof that energy drinks were directly related to the deaths but there is speculation. (www.associatedcontent.com)

20. Who Uses Energy Drinks, and Why? • Energy drinks are being used by students as well as athletes. People are abusing energy drinks by drinking too many to close together and drinking more than one at a time. The reasons for the over use of energy drinks are to obtain and sustain energy levels, maintain stamina, and to stay focus. The results of the abuse of energy drinks are resulting in heart problems and dehydration. (www.associatedcontent.com)

22. Steroids is the popular name for synthetic substances related to the male sex hormones known as Androgens, it also promotes muscle growth and the development of male sexual characteristics. Anabolic Steroids were developed in late 1930’s to medical conditions. Anabolic Steroids are only legally available only with a prescription. They are prescribed to treat conditions such as delayed puberty, some types of impotence, body-wasting in patients suffering from AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), to rebuild tissues weakened by injury or disease, to assist in regaining or maintaining weight after illness, and to aid recovery from breast cancer and osteoporosis in women. Steroids are abused, often by athletes, to enhance athletic performance and to improve physical appearance. It is illegal to use or distribute steroids without a legal prescription. The use of steroid illegally is against the federal law under the Controlled Substance Act. Anabolic Steroids were added to the Controlled Substance Act in February of 1991. YouTube - Anabolic Steroids Guide

24. Increased leanness / muscle definition • Increased muscle mass / weight • Increased strength • Increased effectiveness of training • Improved recovery rate • Euphoria • Increased aggressiveness • Increased sex drive

26. Increased risk of mood disturbances including mania and depression • Increased risk of psychosis • Increased risk of aggressive acts which may injure self or others • Increased risk of cardiovascular disease • Increased risk of liver disease and cancer • Increased risk of kidney disease and cancer • Risk of HIV and Hepatitis B & C from contaminated needles • Acne • Bad breath • Baldness • Water retention • Muscle cramps • Aching joints • Increased risk of muscle tears • Increased risk of tendon injuries • Increased risk of nose bleeds • Insomnia • Decrease in immune system effectiveness • Infertility

28. Increased risk of prostate enlargement and • cancer • Decreased testicular size • Gynecomastia (growth of breasts)

30. Increased risk of cervical and endometrial cancer • Increased risk of osteoporosis • Irreversible enlargement of the clitoris • Irreversible hoarsening and deepening of the voice • Irreversible increase in facial and body hair • Decreased breast size • Amenorrhea • Uterine atrophy

32. weight lifting • bodybuilders • Athletes (baseball, football, etc.) • body guards • construction workers • law enforcement officers

33. The reason that most of these occupations have chosen to use steroids is they felt they needed to have the competitive edge. Most individuals do not realize that they are even abusing them because they have been giving information form word of mouth of how to use them and they just assume that what they hear is the truth. But the truth is that they can be very dangerous and have many side effects that affect everyone differently depending on your gender, age, and medical condition.

34. There are physical and psychological dangers associated with anabolic steroids. Some of the physical side effects include:

36. High blood cholesterol levels - high blood cholesterol levels may lead to cardiovascular problems • Severe acne • Thinning of hair and baldness • Fluid retention • High blood pressure • Liver disorders (liver damage and jaundice) • Steroids can affect fetal development during pregnancy • Risk of contracting HIV and other blood-borne diseases from sharing infected needles • Sexual & reproductive disorder

38. Atrophy (wasting away of tissues or organs) of the testicles  • Loss of sexual drive • Diminished or decreased sperm production  • Breast and prostate enlargement  • Decreased hormone levels  • Sterility

40. Menstrual irregularities • Infertility • Masculinizing effects such as facial hair, diminished breast size, permanently deepened voice, and enlargement of the clitoris

42. Mood swings (including manic-like symptoms leading to violence) • Impaired judgment (stemming from feelings of invincibility) • Depression • Nervousness • Extreme irritability • Delusions • Hostility and aggression

43. Anabolic steroids were only intended for medical use only in the beginning. Then people realized what kinds of results they could get if they took them for other reasons such as body building, athletics, etc. Ever since then they have been abused by individuals seeking strength, and stamina. When taking steroids usually one dose will not do a person any good that is seeking long term results. So steroid seekers often take cycles, some take as many as 3 cycles a year. Taking steroids regularly will make your body dependent of steroids and after time there body will not produce enough testosterone on its own and results such as testicular atrophy, reduced libido, impotence, depression and loss of muscular development.

44. There are very few anabolic steroids that are being used for the intended manner in the UK. Some anabolic steroids are used to treat wasting illnesses, dwarfism, gender reassignment and other conditions in the UK which is what they are actually intended for.

45. The result of abuse of steroids is a list that goes on and on, but one of the biggest ones is probably liver damage. Taking steroids does give you an ego boost which some people need, but the end result is much worse. If used for the personal they were intended for it could be very beneficial. Federal Agencies though expect that the number of steroid users to increase, and that anabolic steroids will be one of the most illegally distributed drugs on the streets. The result of abuse of steroids is a list that goes on and on, but one of the biggest ones is probably liver damage. Taking steroids does give you an ego boost which some people need, but the end result is much worse. If used for the personal they were intended for it could be very beneficial. Federal Agencies though expect that the number of steroid users to increase, and that anabolic steroids will be one of the most illegally distributed drugs on the streets.

46. Steroids in Sports http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pbI6CE6yskw&feature=related

47. Erythropoietin • Also known as EPO • It is a “hormone that boosts oxygen levels in the blood by prompting the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.” (Outside) • “Occurs naturally in the body, but only in tiny amounts.” (Outside) • It has been synthetically recreated to be used in the treatment of cancer patients that suffer from anemia, because of its ability to stimulate the production of red blood cells. • Used also as as a performance enhancing supplement in sports, especially endurance sports such as cycling, distance running, and skiing.

48. EPO in Cycling • EPO is a popular performance enhancer in professional cycling. • It has been banned by Union CyclisteInternationale (UCI) because of the unfair advantage it gives in competition. • Also banned for being too dangerous: increases the probability capillaries can clog, resulting in strokes and heart attacks. • EPO can even result in death during sleep. • Cyclists use it to raise their hematocrit levels, which allows more oxygen to be transmitted to the muscles, and allows the body to recover faster. • A test to detect the drug in the athlete’s system was developed in 2000. • Administered by injecting into bloodstream. • “EPO was… a gift from the gods for athletes looking to cheat. It was easy to administer- a clear liquid injected with simple shots- always effective, and, until recently, impossible to identify, because there was no chemical test to alert doctors to its presence.” (Outside)

49. Lance Armstrong Talks About Preventing Doping in Pro Sports http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AG4odJP-Zuw&feature=PlayList&p=DE16C13BF6DEC4FC&playnext_from=PL&playnext=1&index=8

50. There are many supplements that are readily available to all people. But the key factor that a lot of people don’t take in to account for is that a lot of them have not been approved by the FDA. Here are some of the key supplements and a few developers.